Thermodynamics / Climate Change

I actively fought against CO2 increase for about 30 years. I even published an e-book against CO2- increase. In 2018 I got the sudden idea to look deeper into the cause of climate change because I wanted to prove how valuable my efforts against CO2 increase are.

It has been already strange that this idea hit me very late, although I had all scientific knowledge and experience concerning the evaluation of the cause of greenhouse effect: I had lot of experience with spectroscopic measurements by working in an analytical research lab of a big international company. In addition by my research studies of physical chemistry with focus on kinetics at universities I was expert concerning characteristics of particles and their reactions.

After few days I was extremely shocked, because my knowledge, my experience and general observations clearly show that CO2 has no specific characteristics which can cause the observed climate warming. I even unambiguously could verify my learned knowledge at school that the absorption of infrared-photons in atmosphere has a significant cooling effect on climate.

So for me it is the greatest mystery of my life that I accepted a significant statement of physics against my own experience and knowledge. This clearly shows the extreme power of indoctrination of thinking by media. The manipulation of my mind by media has been even so strong don’t have realized that there are not any scientific proofs or explanation for the statement concerning CO2.

The strongest effect of mind manipulation to people has already been achieved by using the term “greenhouse-effect” although every scientist should know that the increase of heat in a greenhouse is a complete different process: It causes heat increase by preventing heat losses by air convection. The absorption of heat from sun by glass has a well measurable cooling effect.

In order to make up for my severe error, I decided to tell the world about the reality of greenhouse effect. Although I am not a good speaker I did this by producing You-tube videos. Thus I did the best without any experience by publishing my first 21 You-tube videos about the wrong and real cause for global warming on channel “Physik ohne Widersprüche”: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSQwGnmnyMMnajSVuts112g

Very clear for me was since the begin of discussions that the global warming is reality. So this is no item to talk about.

The only thing to prove is the cause for global warming. Currently the global warming is based on a single assumption of physicists by which global warming has been and still is mainly caused by the increase of CO2 concentration in atmosphere and by the corresponding increase of absorption potential.

In chapter 3 the current wrong understanding about absorption and the physical reality by observations is presented in detail.

C1.2 The high Concentration of CO2 is a Wonder for Mankind

Besides the significant reduction of global warming there is an even more important effect of the high concentration of CO2.

It is well known that in the periods of high temperature the population of mankind is strongly increasing. This is also observed in current warm period. It is also well known that the plant growth is nearly proportional to the CO2 concentration in atmosphere. If CO2 would not have increased by nearly 50%, there would have not occurred an increase a plant growth by arly the same order. This is clearly observed by all people who worked in their garden since 50 years, particular by cutting hedges. Crop situation is even at the present time rather critical. Without the man-made CO2 increase there would be severe famine catastrophes. Fertilizers would not help, because plant grows is limited by CO2 concentration. In order to meet the need for food, currently large areas of wood are converted to farmland, which has an extreme warming and dryness effect on climate because of the missing evaporation of water.

By the strongly reduced crop yields, the costs for food including meat will increase dramatically. Thus the percentage of people on earth which have to live clearly below the poverty line would have been probably multiplied. All people would have severe disadvantages. Also wildlife would have suffered from reduced plant growth and many animal species would have become extinct.

C1.3 The Wonder of late Detection of the „Weltformel“

Overall for me it is a great wonder that the Weltformel was not detected earlier, as the detection of the physical reality under normal conditions already would have been achieved by scientists before 1940, because it is very logical. By this energy would have been generated analog to sun without CO2 generation. The expensive and ineffective generation of energy by burning of fossils would never have been done.

I myself think that the non-detection of the Weltformel until now has such an extreme low probability that it can only be explained by the theory that this has been steered by a supernatural force, which I call god. In addition I have the theory about a friendly god, who prevents by this action that mankind experience all the catastrophic effects, which would have occurred without the increased CO2 concentration: significantly higher temperatures and severe famines.

C1.4 We have to stop “Digging our own Grave”

We have urgently to stop actions against mankind and nature by reducing CO2. Now we have got for the first time in history of science and mankind by the discloser of the “Weltformel” to get knowledge about the fundamental laws of nature which rules our universe in a way that these rules are extremely friendly for mankind. There is not any “run-away-effect” in nature, so that living beings are threatened to be completely eliminated. The CO2 increase by out- gassing from oceans and of frozen land. Later it is shown that also the melting and freezing of ice has an extreme important effect of slowing down the climate changes. The statement that the universe has been created with run-away effects is no reality and by this an affront against the “creator”.

Now the time has come that the knowledge of the real laws of nature has more advantages than disadvantages. Now we can use these to the developments of an incredible number of new technologies like extreme cheap and effective heat generation analog to sun. By the knowledge of the real cause for climate warming (separate chapter) further global warming will slow down. The climate will be stabilized by natural out- gassing of CO2 out of oceans.

We now urgently have to stop actions to reduce CO2. This would be the correct action to prevent the catastrophe which people want to prevent.

When I would not warn people to further do actions to reduce CO2, I would feel extreme guilty to commit a severe crime. Every scientists who reads this volume of SURe-New Physics gets aware of the physical reality of climate change and gets aware that he would commit a crime against mankind and against science by continuing actions in order to reduce CO2. It has to be considered that this is a heavy crime which causes the deaths of many people and an incredible damage to all living beings. By the knowledge of the Weltformel and understanding of basic physics it will get a conscious crime, before it was an unconscious crime.

C1.5 Former Knowledge of Climate was replaced by Antiscience

Before the made up physically impossible theory of global warming by the assumed greenhouse effect, the statements about climate were based on observations, which resulted to a very good and real understanding of climate, including the irrevocable observation that molecules in atmosphere cause cooling of climate by absorption of heat from sun. Making statements against reliable observations is the generally accepted definition of antiscience. Current physics does not care any more about unbiased experimental and natural observations, which have already recognized to be the basis of physical research since the 17^th century and which has been documented as “scientific method”. I was shocked, when I recently became aware, that the “Scientific method” according to Wikipedia was revised by a text which widely opens the possibilities for verification of theories by interpretations and cyclic fallacies.

Lots of simple experimental tests concerning climate are possible and would have clearly verified former findings. Currently research institutions of physics have to publish as many theories as possible to get optimal chances to be funded. Thus there is no interest of testing reality. Corrections of accepted theories are quasi not allowed and have no chance to be published.

Instead of time consuming physical research to get scientific explanations and definitions, research has been done to make up theories with very high complexity, so that these appear to be scientific despite being far away from physical reality. It was too late to publish scientific explanations because many physically impossible theories were already accepted as reality, so that new findings of reality would contradict former theories. By this physicists had no other possibility than to work out additional physical impossible theories to “save” accepted physically impossible theories. The main rule for physical research is to do everything to manipulate the general public to believe that their magic illogical theories are reality to avoid any corrections and revisions of wrong statements.

The ignoring of former knowledge of climate was allowed, because ignoring is not noticed by general public.

Formerly observed statements about real climate influencing factors, which I got aware as school pupil were

* The earth atmosphere causes cooling by absorption of heat from sun.

* The sea water causes warming at nighttime by stored absorbed heat from sun at daytime.

* Explanation and verification of above statements by properties which are based on real measurements like

- real temperatures in atmosphere (currently all temperatures in higher atmosphere are wrongly measured)

- real measurements of heat absorption

- real specific heat capacities

- real specific heat conductivity of gases in atmosphere

The detailed explanations will be shown in later chapters.

C1.6 The Climate Change has been misused by Media for Profit

Natural scientist did lots of outstanding research, by which they got the reliable knowledge that there were extreme strong climate changes in the last 400,000 years with temperature changes up to 9 degrees C. It is clearly seen that the observed change of about 2 degrees on earth is in the normal range. Overall it would be strange and an issue to report, when since over 150 years currently there would be no climate change. Current climate change can be mentioned but would be no issue for long discussions and not at all a catastrophic situation. The alternative, which would have a much higher probability are several degrees lower average temperatures which would really be near to a “catastrophic” situation.

It is very unlikely that a scientist did the first statement of a climate catastrophe, which is definitely caused by CO2 increase. Each scientist knows that scientific statements should not be based on correlations, but that a correlation is an issue for detailed research. But this has never been done. The media do not want to wait for checking the cause and made a catastrophic reality out of a vague guess. It is like to hang up a suspect without any evidence.

Media only survive by reporting catastrophes. No one is interested in normality. So media converted the natural “positive” climate change to a catastrophe. But not only media have advantages:

* Generally life becomes more interesting. By converting normality to dangerous situations people have something important to communicate and discuss and can do common actions, by which they experience a feeling of satisfaction.

* Scientists do not tell the truth because they are aware that people would not like that. By the commitment to fight against the chosen evel they can strongly improve their reputation and respect concerning their job and in addition get many new tasks.

* Politicians can do “valuable” decisions to protect people from the apparent catastrophe and also get increased attention and appreciation.

C1.7 The real Catastrophe: Climate Research

Physicists and particular chemists should have communicated that there are much more indications against CO2 causing global warming than causing it. They should have explained that it is essential to do scientific research to find out the real cause for climate changes.

Physicists already got the reliable knowledge of two main issues which influence the heat input of sun to the earth surface, and by this the explanations for the temperature differences between morning or evening and noon:

1. The inclination angle of propagating photons from sun to earth surface

2. The propagation distance of photons through atmosphere.

Typical is that today the root cause for explanation 2 is not mentioned any more since the theory of greenhouse effect was made up: The reduction of heat by distance of propagation through atmosphere is caused by the absorption of IR photons from sun by gas molecules in atmosphere. Physicists avoided an explanation of this phenomenon because it would uncover the blatant error of greenhouse effect.

It would be extremely unscientific and an act of gross negligence if physicists did not have checked, which of both effects is stronger. The missing publication of this crucial knowledge is a clear indication that the effect of heat reduction (cooling) by absorption is much stronger than the heat reduction by inclination angle of sun-beams.

The comparison test is extremely simple because the angle effect can be eliminated by a heat detector which is do the measurements rectangular to sun.

Everybody can do this testing by using his face or a burning glass as heat sensor, (photo-diodes are no heat sensors). Thus everybody can easily get the knowledge that the cooling effect by atmospheric absorption is much stronger than the cooling by inclination angle.

“Real” spectroscopic measurements clearly show that all gases in atmosphere have nearly same absorption potential for thermal radiation. This explains why in usual absorption measurements for identification of gases the thermal absorption has to be eliminated by air as a reference measurement. Why do experts of spectroscopy don’t mention this important fact?

Physicists have calculated that if there would only be the angle effect, the temperatures at poles during polar summer have to be significant higher than on equator because of the longer time period of sun shine. Why did I get aware of this valuable information just accidentally?

But there are dozens of other proofs, that absorption of gas molecules is the main cause for preventing high heat. For example the surface of the moon is quickly heated up over 100 degrees C shortly after the sun rises.

Overall by simple research physicists should have got following unambiguous reality:

Any increase of the number of molecules between sun and earth will reduce temperature on earth by absorption of heat.

Extremely unscientific is referring to an apparent heat- retaining effect by absorption at night. Every scientist should know:

* The apparent heat- retaining effect is caused by the high heat capacity of water molecules in clouds. Not any heat is retained by absorption of gas molecules.

* If there would be absorption effects this would be second order of the absorption effect of sun-shine. Thus these are canceled out.

Also clouds have a much stronger cooling effect on daytime than “warming” effect on nighttime.

* (Not yet known) Heat transfer from earth to space works not by radiation, but by a “flow” of heat caused by fluctuating mutual absorption of omnipresent photons. By this there is a continuous decrease of temperatures from earth surface to space.

Climate effect of clouds:

It is outrages that scientists dare not to state the former knowledge of scientist and of nearly all people that clouds cause cooling of earth surface by absorption of heat from Sun. They have to state that when the earth is completely covered by clouds this would quickly cause a disaster by overheating of surface. The reality is that this will quickly cause a much colder situation than by ice age.

C1.8 The real Cause for Climate Changes

By the knowledge that the sun system traverse different densities of interstellar clouds of molecules and magnetic fields, it is a logical conclusion that the changing density of these clouds is the basic reason for all climate changes. Only by this all observations can be explained, for example:

* There are no periodic but random changes! Any statement of specific periods is antiscience. Of course a computer can define lots of periods to make of each random event an “apparent periodic” event.

* Warm ages have an upper temperature limit, because of the natural limit of no clouds. Of course an extreme low density of molecules always remains in space.

According to actual measurements the density is extremely low, so that we can be sure that the temperature increase will not get much stronger.

* The situation of snowball earth is well explained by traversing of sun system through arm of galaxy, because there the density of molecules/ magnetic structures are strongly increased.

* Even the correlation of long time periods without the high 11 years activity periods of sun to a “little ice age” refers in reality to a somewhat higher intensity of interstellar clouds. This can be explained by the fact, that interstellar clouds prevent the dark spots of sun but not the high activity period of sun (increased number of coronal ejections of sun). (See SURe Vol. ASTROPHYSICS)

* According to current theory there should be runaway effects of warm and cold ages by the changes of CO2 concentrations. This has never been observed.

* Current warm period could be observed on each planet and moon of our Sun system, where observation is possible and where sunshine is relevant.

C1.9 Past, actual and future Climate Changes are determinable

Changes of density of clouds are measured by the light from stars behind the clouds, which means by the absorption potential of the cloud. The absorption by magnetic fields should be somewhat stronger than for molecules. Regular measurements are for example done by NASA. NASA has constructed a picture of measured clouds, the sun and other stars and the propagation directions. https://www.thoughtco.com/clouds-in-space-3073644.

Because of the known movements of stars and clouds absorption data can be (re)-constructed in past and future. Past data can probably be used to control the correlation to earth climate.

C1.10 Other causes for past Climate Changes can be excluded

Mostly it is stated that climate changes are caused by periodic changes of earth orbits around Sun and changes of earth axis relative to Sun. Such changes require strong impacts by collisions to relative large celestial bodies, which have an extremely low probability and therefore can be excluded.

As far as it is known there were never periodic climate changes, but the random climate changes were within a specific temperature range. This is a very important knowledge which scientists gained by outstanding research work. By this finding the real cause could be define by SURe- New Physics with an extremely high probability. It is a severe affront against the corresponding careful research that other physicists have converted this clear finding to the opposite and state that the climate changes occurred within various specific periods.

Volcanic activities can cause cold periods, but should not last so long as observed for cold periods.

Long-term changes of activity of sun can be excluded as the sun has a well working temperature control. (see SURe Vol. Astrophysics).

Heat generation by earth can be neglected compared to heat from sun.

Strong concerns would cause a cooling of climate because an approaching cold phase. By a cold phase it can be expected that over 30% of earth surface is covered by ice and thus uninhabitable and that the food resources reduce to less than half of current situation. There will be an extreme high potential of wars, because people will fight for the available resources to survive.

C1.11 Theories of Climate refer to the most fatal Antiscience of physics

Since beginning of 20^th century physical institutions got funding and physicists got appreciation for physical impossible science-fiction (=theories), so that the scientific task of physics to gain knowledge of reality by unbiased observations were terminated and physics got more and more to anti-science, which means make up fictive statements which are not conform to unbiased observations, which means observations were interpreted instead of described.

There were following major steps until the current total doom of physics as natural science:

1. The theories of relativity.

2. The theories of quantum physics

3. The theories of particle physics.

4. The theories of thermodynamics. The last scientific descriptions of thermodynamics were eliminated by the theory of greenhouse effect.

Creating theories as first step of physical research is normality. But as next step the theories have to be converted to reality. This was not possible, because the physical research institutions had to publish already the theories as real physics to get public funding which was required to survive. They could not wait until the strongly time consuming finding of reality.

This problem has been solved by definition of the general axiom for physics: “Physics is no reality”. This axiom has been manifested by using the term “theoretical physics” and describing the universe by matterless, phantom-like, abstract terms instead of using concrete physical descriptions.

Examples are the use of electromagnetic waves, charges, heat, energy, force. Physics ought to be the natural science about the descriptions and explanations of interactions of lifeless matter in universe. But physics has not yet achieved to have a scientific definition of matter and there is no research to achieve this. Of course by the missing basis of physics there is no chance to describe the interactions in universe conform to reality. By finding of the origin of matter, all interactions can be described and explained by

* Chemical reactions = building and breaking of bondings after collision of particles or

* the only physical interations, which are penetration and deflection (including reflection).

All interactions are all ruled by just two Fundamental Laws of Nature. This is valid for the smallest and only fundamental partile, the electron up to the largest body with is a supermassive black hole.

All interactions need physical descriptions by matter: heat and energy are properties of matter. Properties cannot be generated, consumed, released, transferred, conducted. Only particles can be generated consumed by chemical reactions and of course transferred by usual movements which might be deflected by collisions. Thus all interactions can be well describable. Instead of fictive charges there are concrete specific positions at the structure of particles at which bindings can occur. By SURe – New Physics most structures have been defined, incl the structures of force fields, stars, neutron stars and black holes. Some structures of heavy atoms still have to be defined. By structures all characteristics can be explained.

Thus only by knowing the concrete structures of molecules and particles of heat (= omnipresent photons), all reactions can be determined, by whichthe particles of heat are generated or consumed. The clear result is, that the CO2 in atmosphere do reactions, which prevent that the emitted photons from sun (no heat particles) do reactions on earth which generate heat particles.

Of course any statement of SURe – New Physics can be verified by experiments. Not any statement can be refuted.

As the error of climate change by increased CO2 and the actions against CO2

C1.12 A Reduction of CO2 would be catastrophic for Mankind

The increase of CO2 to the current high level prevented even higher temperatures on earth. But even more important is that catastrophic famines Have been prevented because of the strongly increased plant growths by the nearly 50% increased CO2 concentration.

It is extreme important that we now have to accept SURe – New Physics and by this the reality of the Fundamental Laws of Nature, which rule the interactions of the universe.

As this is essential in order to guarantee an adequate standard of living for all people, I will do a donation of at least 50,000 Euro for the unambiguous refutation of the two Fundamental Laws of Nature.

Also the basic statement of SURe -New Physics about climate, that CO2 in atmosphere cools the climate is included in the guaranteed reality of the the statement that all physical interactions in universe are based on and steered by the two Fundamental Laws of Nature.

C2 Wrong Thermodynamics caused wrong Statement about Climate

C2.1 Complete Thermodynamics is no Physical Reality

Till now it was impossible to do scientific descriptions and explanations of thermodynamic observations. The simple reason for this is that the interacting particles of all thermodynamic events are not known in current physics: omnipresent photons.

In addition the fundamental natural laws are not known, which steer all interactions and by which all thermodynamic interactions can be logically and vivid explained by the five interactions according to Weltformel, thus mainly by chemical reactions.

SURe – New physics started conversion of theories of thermodynamics to physical reality very late because of the belief that current thermodynamics is based on classical physics and thus is reality. But detailed studies of basic thermodynamics showed the contrary. Nearly all statements are not conform to observations.

There is still a lot of research work to be done until all thermodynamic interactions are converted to reality.

In order to understand the real explanation of climate change, in this chapter just basic issues are corrected.

C2.2 The scientific Disaster of Movement and kinetic Energy

C2.2.1 Movement and Velocity are no Properties of Bodies

It is clearly known by most people and also stated in Wikipedia that movement is no characteristics of an object, but a relative property of an object to any position or object. This means that the movement of an object cannot be determined. It can exclusively determined relative to a reference. The magnitude of relative movement is expressed by velocity.

A well known example is following:

The velocity of a car on Car transporter truckhas following velocities:

* 0 km/h relative to the truck

* about 50 km/h relative to earth surface

* up to 1600 km/h relative to surrounded omnipresent photons of earth, which refers to rotation speed of earth or “aether wind”

* about 107,000 km/h relative to surrounded omnipresent matter of sun, which refers to the orbit speed earth around sun or aether wind in outer space (measurable by CMB)

* about 800,000 km/h relative to surrounded omnipresent matter of the black hole of our galaxy, which refers to the orbit speed of sun. (measurable by CMB).

At least since gaining knowledge that the earth is rotating and that it is not the center of the universe, every physicist should know that the velocity is even much more clearly relative.

Thus it is extremely unscientific that no scientist mentions this well known discrepancy between movement and velocity.

It would have been a much more important to clarify this basic impossibilities of physics and mathematics before doing any other research work. The result is that nearly complete physics is wrong and has little to do with reality.

C2.2.2 The Error of different Meanings for Velocity and Speed

The misunderstanding of current physics shows following statement in Wikipedia:

“The scalar absolute value (magnitude) of velocity is called speed.”

It is not possible to make out of the relative vector of velocity a “scalar absolute value”. A scalar is no part of a vector. The two parts of a vector are “value” and “direction”.

It is also not possible to make out of a relative property an absolute property by another term, which in the case of speed and velocity are just synonyms with identical meaning. A relative property has no value at all because it is undefined. So there is neither a value of speed nor a value of velocity of an object. There is exclusively a value of the speed or velocity of an object relative to another object or position. By this you have as well the value of the difference and at the same time a direction. But you still do not know, which object is faster.

C2.2.3 The next Step of physical Impossibility: Kinetic Energy

As the velocity of an object characterizes a property of an object being a relative vector it results by basic mathematics to the fact that the energy of movement (=kinetic energy) of a body is also a relative vector. This means that also the kinetic energies of objects can’t be determined. Another fact is that by a difference it is not possible to define which bodies of the two has the higher energy.

C2.2.4 The Impossibility of E(kin) =1/2mv²

Every natural scientist should know that a relative property cannot be expressed by a quadratic term. This is physically and mathematically impossible.

How the error of the formula has occurred and the disastrous consequences which resulted to the fact that nearly complete physics is wrong, are explained in chapter C2.4.

C2.3 The scientific Explanation of Movement and Velocity

C2.3.1 The origin of Movement

Movement is one of the most important actions of particles.

The origin of movement are the vibrations of the bound electrons of a body:

* The usual magnitude of movement (= speed or velocity) is determined by the sum of amplitudes of vibrations of electrons of a bound object.

* Usual movements are deteriorated by mutual penetrations, which cause a decrease of overall propagation speed. This is explained later

* The direction of movement is determined by the direction of vibrations of electrons of electrons of a bound object.

Characteristics of vibration:

The only possible vibrations in universe refer to symmetric stretching vibrations of bound electrons.

Why do vibrations lead to movements?

When bodies collide and interact by building or breaking of bonds or when these do mutual superpositions by penetration these can get a non-symmetric vibration. In order to get a stable symmetric vibration the body is forced to do a movement change so that the spin energies get minimal energy.

Overall movements are forced by the two Fundamenal Laws of Nature.

C2.3.2 The scientific Definition of Speed and Velocity

Generally speed (=velocity) is the movement vector of an object 1 to another object 2 (reference object. At the same time object 2 has a speed with opposite direction to object 1. Thus both objects have same mutual speed values.

Exclusively mutual(relative) speed values can be determined.

The mutual speed of two objects refer to the difference of vibration energies of the two objects. The vibration energy of a body is an absolute property and a vector. It is not known by the mutual speed which of the objects has the stronger vibration energy. It is subject of further studies how and whether the vibration energy of a single object can be determined.

C2.3.3 The scientific Definition of Propagation Speed

Propagation speed (=propagation velocity) refers to the overall movement of an object witch is reduced compared to usual speed penetration of particles. Penetration requires additional time and thus decreases the usual speed of an object as long as penetration occurs.

Penetration does not affect overall vibration energy (theory) and not kinetic energy (reality).

Penetration of omnipresent photons is the explanation of the much lower propagation speeds of photons compared to the unaffected usual speed. It also explains why the kinetic energies of photons are do not correlate to kinetic energies but are nearly stabe. Penetration of omnipresent photons explain also why the propagation speed depends on density of of penetrated omnipresent photons. As the density of omnipresent photons significantly varies in universe, the propagation speed of light is continuously changing, which is clearly measurable.

Different densities of omnipresent photons also explain the measured changes of orbital velocities of celestial bodies despite constant kinetic energies. The periodic changes of orbital velocities explain the deviation of orbits from cyclic orbits, which are required by simple mathematics.

The statements of constant light speed and elliptical orbits are pure antiscience, because of refutation by clear observations.

C2.3.4 Scientific Definitions are valid for all Objects

Scientific definitions have to be valid for all objects in universe, which means from the smallest object, the electron, which is the only fundamental particle to the largest, which is a supermassive black hole (SMBH). Of course also photons are included. Specific differences have also to be explained also by generally valid laws.

C2.4 Errors and Reality about kinetic Energy

C2.4.1 The scientific Definition of kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy refers to the impact potential which an object has by collision with another body. By experimental observations the potential of impacts of an object could be determined to be proportional to the kinetic energy to the usual mutual speed v and the mass of the regarded object m.

The found proportionality can be expressed by the formula Ekin = m*v.

C2.4.2 The historic Error the Formula Ekin = ½ mv²

The error if the formula occurred by a typical unscientific experimentation, which is based on a wrong interpretation.

Experiment from 1722 according to Wikipedia:

“By dropping weights from different heights into a block of clay, Willem 's Gravesande determined that their penetration depth was proportional to the square of their impact speed. Émilie du Châtelet recognized the implications of the experiment and published an explanation.[5]

Correct considerations are:

* Kinetic energy of an object refers to the impact potential to another object.

* The impact of an object can roughly be determined by the penetration depth of a block of clay.

Physically impossible is:

* Square speed has no physical meaning and thus does not exist.

* A mathematically formula has to be explainable. It can’t be explained that the impact correlates two times to the speed value.

* The impacting object has no determinable speed. The impact has to be a function of the differences of speeds of objects. This has to be independent from single speeds and by this allows no quadratic speeds, which would lead to different values by same speed difference.

In later years above experiment has been multiple times repeated by other people.

Every repetition clearly showed that the penetration is proportional to the impact speed and by this refuted the correlation to square speed.

It can be assumed that in 1722 it was not possible to measure the momentary speed shortly before the impact. So the experimenter surely has calculated the impact speed by the drop height (h) of the used object. So there is a high probability that he erroneously thought that the impact speed is proportional to h, which would explain the erroneous correlation to h.

In current physics it is well known that the by gravitational force a free-falling object experience a permanent acceleration so that the impact speed is proportional to h². By using the correct formula for the impact speed, also by the experiment of 1722 it would have been found that the penetration impact is proportional to v and not to v².

An error by doing research is normality, but it is blatant and extremely unscientific, when an obvious and known error is not corrected.

This shows the almighty power of physical fystem of research, which ha prohibited all vorrectiond of accepted physics.

C2.4.3 The Non-sense of the Factor 1/2

As kinetic energy is a relative property a factor does not make sense, as any faktor could be used, and there is no reason, why 1 is not used. There might be cases to use a normalization factor to get comparable values for different units of energy. But this would be necessary for example to calculate kinetic energy out of frequencies of photons. As photons are no electromagnetic waves and thus have wave frequencies, frequencies have urgently to be replaced by the real unit for kinetic energy, which is kg * (m/s).

C2.4.4 The wrong Formula has been “verified” by Mathematics

A perfect tool to do a fake verification of a physically and mathematically wrong for formula are by mathematical transformation. By this most people don’t recognize that the impossible theory itself or other physically impossible theories are used for transformations of mathematical equations. As the used transformations are mathematically mostly correct, it is not noticed that impossible statements are used to verify am impossible statement. This fake verification by using fallacies, mostly circular fallacies is normally regarded as one of the most severe errors by physicist. The reality is that nearly complete physics is based on fallacies.

In school pupils have to learn, how the formula ½ mv² can be derived by mathematics. In reality pupils learn how to verify physical non-sense by a using mathematics with a hidden fallacy, so that it is not easy to discover that nonsense is verified by nonsense.

It is outrages that physicists still state that ½ mv² is the formula for kinetic energy although this formula is physically and mathematically impossible. Physicists and particular engineers have to know that this formula gives wrong results and that they have to use Ekin = mv to get correct results.

C2.4.5 The unscientific Solution of prohibited Reality

Because in physics it is quasi prohibited to admit an error, physicists had to define another term for the real kinetic energy, for which the correct formula is assigned. The correct kinetic energy is called momentum. Thus all important calculations, for which the wrong formula would create problems or obviously show to be wrong, are done by momentum. To the general public still the wrong formula is presented, so nobody gets aware that physicists have done a fault. The wrong formula would be a normal fault of research, but not admitting an error, is an inexcusable severe fault.

The term momentum is not a good choice, because it is not meaningful. It should be eliminated and the truth should be mentioned.

It suits also to the current second definition of kinetic energy, which has to be corrected for full understanding: It is the minimum kinetic energy a body must have relative to another body so that this energy can be transferred to another body.

Of course for ½ mv² there are many experimental falsifications.

C2.4.6 The wrong Formula is clearly falsified by the meaningless Unit

An important rule for physical units is that these must have a physical meaning like square-meter which refers to an area. But it is not possible to describe the meaning of a square-velocity.

This is again an impressive demonstration of the urgent requirement, that physics has to be converted as soon as possible to SURe- New Physics.

Another used wrong and inappropriate unit for kinetic energy is frequency of an electromagnetic wave. This does not make sense at all, because electromagnetic waves are physically impossible and do not exist. This was already an experimental finding by Albert Einstein.

In addition it is well known that the energies of existing waves are proportional to amplitudes of waves and not to frequencies of waves.

Of course, when movements are relative, then a movement with a specific velocity is even more clearly relative is relative. But not any charaterizaion of

C2.5 The Error of Conservation of kinetic Energy

C2.5.1 The blatant Error that kinetic Energy can‘t be generated

Although the kinetic energy of a body is no absolute energy, it is the only energy of a body which can cause an impact to other bodies which is needed for all accelerations of movements in universe. Thus the generation of kinetic energy is fundamental to generate accelerated movements in universe.

C2.5.2 Energy Conservation refers to total Energy

The general energy conservation refers exclusively to total energy of all absolute energies. There are only two different absolute energies in universe which are vibration energy and spin energy of bound electrons.

Nearly every observation of physical interactions refer to a change of values of kinetic energy. These are all reactions of buildings or breaks of bonds:

* Each building of a bond consumes kinetic energy as kinetic energy is transferred to vibration energy.

* Each break of a bond generates kinetic energy as vibration energy is transferred to kinetic energy.

C2.5.2 The Explanation of the Error that Bindings generate Energy

The break of bonds requires high kinetic energy. Thus physicists draw the wrong conclusion that the building of bondings generates kinetic energy.

Experts of chemical kinetics know the reality: Every single reaction needs an activation energy in form of collisions by kinetic energy. The activation energy for decay reactions is very large. But the consumed activation energy is generated again by adding this energy to the kinetic energies of the generated decay particles.

Thus overall kinetic energy is generated.

C2.5.3 When is Energy Conservation valid for kinetic Energy

There are two situations of a physical system of two colliding bodies are valid:

* When the two bodies are reflected.

* When the two bodies bind and then built bond breaks again.

In both cases the bodies experience a generated kinetic energy, which is equal to the sum of kinetic energies before collisions, but the sum is divided 50% in opposite directions.

C2.5.4 The wrong formula for elastic Collisions

Collisions according to previous chapter, that means without change of particles, are called elastic collisions.

When two bodies collide in this way and their masses and velocities are known before collisions, you can calculate masses and velocities after collisions. In order to solve a mathematical situation of two unknown properties you need at least two mathematical equations.

Currently it is stated that the first equation refers to the conservation of kinetic energy and the second equation refers to the conservation of momenta.

These equations clearly result to a formula, which is clearly wrong.

It is incredibly unscientific that physicist present the few very specific examples, where the wrong formula results to correct measured values, while hundreds of examples with wrong results are not mentioned. A formula has to be valid for all possible combinations of data before collisions. As soon as there is one example which is wrong the formula is wrong and/or there has to be a scientific explanation for this.

C2.5.5 The correct formula for elastic Collisions

Of course exclusively the values of real kinetic energies can be used in a formula;

(m1 * v1) + (m2 * v2) before collision = (m1 * v1) + (m2 * v2) after collision.

The second equation just regards kinetic energies after the collision:

½ m1*v1 = - ½ m2 * v2 The second formula just refers to the momenta after the collision, which are set equal for both bodies with opposite signs.

C2.6 Every physical Quantity is wrongly defined

C2.6.1 The wrong Definitions for Heat thermal Energy

Current definitions copied from Wikipedia are:

“Heat is the thermal energy which is transferred between two systems at different temperature that come into contact.”

“The term thermal energy is used loosely in various contexts in physics and engineering, generally related to the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms in a substance. It can refer to several different physical concepts. These include the internal energy or enthalpy of a body of matter and radiation; heat, defined as a type of energy transfer (as is thermodynamic work); and the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom, in a system that is described in terms of its microscopic particulate constituents (where denotes temperature and denotes the Boltzmann constant). “

For heat the definition of a transferred thermal energy is confusing and does not make any sense. Much easier to understand is to use generally the term heat for thermal energy. When heat is transferred this can be expressed simply by “transferred heat”.

Before correct statements about heat transfer can be done there has to be scientifically sound explanations for heat transfers. SURe-New Physics differentiates between three different processes. In current physics it has for example not taken into account that heat transfer from sun to earth is completely different than from earth to space. Both mechanisms are essential knowledge for understanding of climate and are explained separately in later chapters.

Current description for thermal energy is more confusing than clarifying. There is no clear statement at all. It just clearly expresses that nothing is clear concerning thermal energy and thus also for heat. Typical words for this are:

“used loosely in various contexts”, “generally related”, “can refer to several different physical concepts”.

The listed concepts either have nothing to do with heat like internal energy and work or can be expressed by heat like enthalpy, temperature and degree of freedom.

The avoidance of a clear definition clearly expresses, that physicists have severe doubts that the current use of term is correct.

C2.6.3 Wrong Definition of Temperature

According to Wikipedia there is following “definition”:

“Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.”

Again an example, how a simple term is explained unclear and complicated. One term is explained by two other terms hotness and coolness without explaining the both terms. The “general relation” for thermal energy becomes something which is “reflected” by temperature. Clear statements like “Heat is…, Thermal energy is… or Temperature is … “are avoided.

Thermal energy and temperature seem to refer to a kinetic energy.

It seems that current physics regards temperature as the same property as thermal energy except that there is a different unit for measurement. But there should be another difference. Otherwise physicists would have determined the normalization constant to convert thermal energy and kinetic energy to temperature. The terms hotness and coolness for temperature express that temperature is a relative property, although it is measured by an absolute scale of temperature. This is more confusing than explaining. Everyone, who had a sound logic understanding about heat, thermal energy and temperature will lose this understanding by reading these definitions.

C2.6.4 Scientific Definition of Heat, thermal Energy and Temperature

Following definitions is generally valid for each location in universe:

Heat and temperature is the average value of kinetic energy of a system of randomly moving and colliding omnipresent photons at the measured position.

Thermal energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of all omnipresent photons in a specific volume. It can also be defined as heat per specific number (like Mol) of omnipresent photons. It might be called heat content.

By the random movements of billions of particles heat is an absolute property, which is contrary to the current statement. It is strange that in current physics movement and kinetic energy of a single object is regarded erroneously as an absolute property and heat, which is absolute, is regarded as relative property.

As it is a property of omnipresent photons, a value of heat can be assigned to any location in universe. Measurements can be done at any location, where a contact detector can be placed. Measurement of heat over distance is strongly restricted to surfaces of objects and calibrations by contact thermometers. Currently there are many statements of temperature data which are extremely far away from reality.

It has to be taken into account that a very small and constant portion (below 0,1%) of omnipresent photons decay to electron-neutrinos, which are called electron-pairs by SURe-New Physics. Electron-pairs are preferably generated and emitted by surfaces, which explain the indirect measurements of temperatures by radiation measurement of heat by radiation of electron-pairs.

But as radiated electron-pairs can also be generated by other reactions, their measurements, particular in atmosphere, caused completely wrong results.

C2.7 Wrong Understandings of Units

C2.7.1 The Unit for kinetic Energy is not appropriate for Heat

There is a crucial difference between kinetic energy and heat:

* Kinetic energy refers to a specific object with a specific mass and a specific velocity like a photon. As velocity is a relative property and a vector, the same is valid for kinetic energy.

* Heat, temperature and thermal energy refer to the kinetic energy of a very high number of specific photons, which is do random movements and therefore can be regarded as an an absolute property and a scalar.

Because of these crucial differences, these can’t be combined in a formula. This severe error has occurred for example for combination of heat or temperature with work.

Comments:

The property work has a physically and mathematically impossible definition and has to be eliminated from physics.

C2.7.2 The most appropriate Unit for Heat

As there are already specific units for temperature, one of these should be generally used for heat and thermal energy. Most suitable is Kelvin, as for this the zero point of scale comes near to the real zero point.

Specific units like Kelvin per Mol or Kelvin per volume has to be used when heat systems are added.

Kelvin per volume has to be used when heat systems at different distances to earth surface are compared. Concentrations of omnipresent photons reduce by distance to earth surface. This is proved by the measured values of light speed at different heights above N.N. Light speed in space is significant faster than C (which is the value on earth surface in vacuum). This can also be easily proved by speed measurements.

By an increased density of omnipresent photons the speed of light is reduced because the penetration of radiated photons through omnipresent photons needs time.

An accurate indirect measurement of density can be done by atomic clocks, because run times of atomic clocks correlate to density of omnipresent photons. The correlation is caused because run times of atomic clocks are erroneously “stabilized” by the kinetic energy of emitted photons of cesium. But the emission line is not stable but differs by density of omnipresent photons. The changed run times of atomic clocks have been misused by physicists to fake the verification of the physical impossible theory that time span changes (gravimetric time dilatation). It is absurd to state that the time runs differently when a clock runs differently.

C2.7.3 The blatant Error of Unit for kinetic Energy

Current unit for kinetic energy is kg/(m/s)².

It is outrages that physicists still state that ½ mv² is the formula for kinetic energy although this formula is physically and mathematically impossible. Physicists and particular engineers have to know that this formula gives wrong results and that they have to use Ekin = mv to get correct results.

Because in physics it is quasi prohibited to admit an error, physicists had to define another term for kinetic energy, which is momentum. Thus all important calculations by engineers are done by momentum, which is the correct kinetic energy and suits also to the second definition of kinetic energy: It is the minimum kinetic energy of a body by which it can accelerate by collision to another body with same mass to an increased velocity of v.

The general public is deceived by telling that the obsolete formula is still valid. Of course for ½ mv² there are many experimental falsifications. A mathematician will momentarily recognize that a quadratic term of a vectorial and relative property is impossible.

An important rule for physical units is that these must have a physical meaning like square-meter which refers to an area. But it is not possible to describe the meaning of a square-velocity.

This is again an impressive demonstration of the urgent requirement, that physics has to be converted as soon as possible to SURe- New Physics.

Another used wrong and inappropriate unit for kinetic energy is frequency of an electromagnetic wave. This does not make sense at all, because electromagnetic waves are physically impossible and do not exist. This was already an experimental finding by Albert Einstein.

In addition it is well known that the energies of existing waves are proportional to amplitudes of waves and not to frequencies of waves.

C2.7.4 The blatant Error of the Unit for physical Work

The complete misunderstanding of thermodynamics is demonstrated by the definition of work and the corresponding unit. It is stated that the sum of work and transferred heat results to the change of internal energy. Following is physically impossible:

* To calculate a sum of work and transferred heat, because it is not possible to build a sum of completely different terms, which have nothing to do with each other.

* To define the sum as a change of internal energy, because neither work nor transferred heat refers to a defined change of internal energy.

The reality is that kinetic energy is the only existing energy which is not internal and physical work has a definition which is physically impossible. According to Wikipedia the physical work of 1 Joule “is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a mass through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force.”

This definition is physical non-sense because the displacement of a mass (= body) requires not any force. This shows that the term force is not understood. A force always causes a change of movement. Change of movement is called acceleration. Velocity and kinetic energy are no properties of a body. Each body has all kind of values of velocity and kinetic energy at the same time. These can exclusively be determined relative to another body.

The formula work = force multiplied by route length in meter does not make sense. Each meter requires a different force. Work is a property which has to be deleted from physics. It can be replaced by exerting kinetic energy by lots of randomly moving particles over time (like for pressure of gas molecules and gravity of omnipresent photons). All energies have to be deleted except the internal energies of a physical system, which are the sum of spin energies of electrons plus the sum of vibration energies of electron bondings.

C2.8 Disproofs that Heat depends on Energy of atomic Particles

There are many refutations that heat, thermal energy and temperature refers to the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms.

Examples for refutation are:

* Gas molecules in pressurized bottles which have strong differences of pressures between bottles have all at same conditions of surroundings the same temperature = heat = thermal energy, although these consists of molecules or atoms which have strongly different kinetic energies, number of collisions and strength of vibration. Thus heat, temperature and thermal energy are independent from pressure, which is equivalent to kinetic energies of gas molecules.

* A river does not increase its temperature by a waterfall, although vibrating energies, collision energies = kinetic energies, numbers of collisions and vibration energies of water molecules are strongly increased.

* Physicists have measured the temperature of vibrating and colliding omnipresent photons and omnipresent neutrinos in space (called Cosmic Microwave Background , CMB or 3-Kelvin-photons and Cosmic Neutrino background). These are no atoms.

Comment: As the measured energies of 3-K photons are nearly the same in all directions, these have to be omnipresent with random movements. 3-K-photons (= CMB) are definitely no radiated photons.

C2.9 The Reason why Heat refers to omnipresent Photons

The question is why exclusively the kinetic energy of omnipresent photons is heat and not the kinetic energy of other photons or atoms. So there must be something extraordinary concerning kinetic energy of omnipresent photons.

There are following reasons, why only omnipresent photons refer to heat:

* There are millions of omnipresent photons between two atoms which makes clear that their kinetic energies are the determining factor for heat.

* Omnipresent photons are absorbed by all matter and thus can transfer heat to all matter.

* Molecules and atoms are often reflected at surfaces and are very rarely absorbed by other matter. Only by absorption of infrared photons heat is transferred.

* Only by omnipresent matter the flow of heat to cooler regions can be explained (Second law of thermodynamic).

Above issues explain why heat is exclusively transferred to other matter by omnipresent infrared photons. As this is an essential issue for human beings and animals, which need a specific energy level so that bio-molecules react as required these have a sensory organ for the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons, which is the skin.

C2.8 Errors and Reality about Energy

C2.8.1 Definition of Energy

The definition of energy in current physics is quite good, but needs to be more clearly described.

By SURe – New Physics the definition is:

Energy is a property of a body (=bound unit of electrons), which describes the potential of the body to have an impact to another body.

In principle the definitions for energy and force are equivalent, but force is mostly used for permanent impacts of many particles like for gravitation by omnipresent photons and pressure by gas molecules.

As an impact is only possible, when the bodies touch or collide, energy requires a movement towards another body and a collision.

The conclusion is that the energy is always a kinetic energy. The formula for the kinetic energy of a body is Ekin = m * v (rel) , which is derived in next chapter.

As velocity can exclusively be determined relative to another particle, absolute velocities cannot be determined, which is of course valid for the velocities of all particles, inclusive the velocity of photons (light speed). There is no absolute velocity.

C2.8.2 Derivation of the correct Formula Ekin = m*v

The easiest impact of a body to another body is the acceleration of this body. It is well known, that a body with mass m1 and velocity v1 relative to a body 2 with same mass and which has in the same inertial system a velocity v2 = 0, causes a maximal acceleration to the same velocity as body 1, while body 1 is decelerated to zero velocity. Overall the impact of body 1 is the complete transfer of kinetic energy to body 2. Thus the potential of an impact (=kinetic energy) of a body with mass m1 and velocity v1 results to Ekin1 = m1*v1.

This can be verified by testing elastic collisions of bodies with different masses and velocities. At the same time these test disprove that the formula is Ekin = ½ mv².

The wrong formula of kinetic energy is mostly used for thermodynamics, but this is not recognized as also beside this error the formulas in thermodynamics have no valid scientific basis.

As many other properties often use kinetic energy, these also have meaningless properties like force, power, radiation intensity,

C2.8.3 The only absolute Energies: Spin- and Vibration-Energy

There are exclusively 2 different fundamental energies in universe, which are energies of movement and thus vectors because movement is a vector. As energy is a property of matter consisting of particles and everything, which exist in universe are particles, it is more scientific to say, that particles have exclusively two absolute energies:

* spin energies of bound electrons (electrons =spin energies)

* vibration energies of bound electrons

Thus the total energy of matter in universe is sum of spin energies + sum of vibration energies.

Kinetic energy results by the difference of the sums of vibration energies of two objects. This means, that by knowing the kinetic energy of an object relative to another object it is not known, which of the two objects has the higher kinetic energy.

Extremely important for understanding of all interactions in universe is following conclusion:

* Fundamental law of conservation is exclusively valid for the total energy, which means that the changed spin energies of a physical system equals the changed vibration energies for each time span.

Concerning kinetic energy there are following rules:

* Kinetic energy is a non-determinable relative property.

* Kinetic energy is exclusively generated by a decay reaction of a particle.

* Kinetic energy is the only usable energy in universe, because it is the only energy which has an impact to other particles or bodies.

Thus the statement that usable energy can be generated is reality. Generation means that it did mot exist in universe before. The transfer of kinetic energy from one object to another object is no generation of usable energy.

* Kinetic energy is exclusively eliminated (=consumed) by a binding reaction of a particle to an object (=absorption). This rule of course includes nuclear fusion, which is a binding reaction. In all cases this is a real elimination of usable energy because it existed before.

The logical explanation is:

By binding the kinetic energies of colliding particles are transferred to vibration energy of bonds.

Current theories of physics about energies are not logical and are based on physically impossible science fiction.

The sum of generated vectors of kinetic energies are always zero, because these are opposite vectors with same value.

C2.9 Errors and Reality about Pressure

C2.9.1 General Basic Errors and Explanation of Reality

Physicists correctly describe pressure by collisions of particles to a surface. Strange is that they do not mention what this mean. This clearly results to following definition of pressure by gases:

Pressure is the sum of kinetic energies which particles momentarily exert to a specified surface area 1 m².

It is embarrassing that in Wikipedia following wrong and unscientific derivation of a useful and understandable formula for pressure to a meaningless wrong formula is presented:

p = F/A = (F*distance)/ (A *distance) = Work / Volume = Energy/ Volume

p = pressure, F = force , A = surface area

Errors:

* The numerator and denominator of the fraction are called the same, although the distance has a complete different meaning: Every colliding particle has a different distance to the surface

* F * distance is mathematical and physical non-sense (already explained)

* Pressure stays stable without addition of energy, but work consumes energy, thus particles cannot do work.

* Force and kinetic energy have same meaning and value: the kinetic energy of all particles in a volume of 1m³ can’t be identical to the exerted kinetic energy to a surface of 1 m².

* It s well known in physics that the exerted pressure per area depends on shape of container, thus there is not even a correlation.

C2.9.2 Refutation that Pressure refers to Energy Density

The fact that the same volume of a liquid or a gas has different pressures by shape of container is applied by engineers by hydraulic machines. By these a very high pressure can be exerted by very low exercised pressure. The exercised pressure is always equivalent to back pressure exerted by liquid or gas. The pressure of liquid of gas clearly depends on open surface area of the containing solid system.

This verifies the scientific definition of pressure by SURe-New Physics (see last chapter).

This also demonstrates that engineers have to develop technologies, which are not conform to current theories of physics, but conform to observations.

This is the case for nearly every new technology.

C2.9.3 The Misunderstanding of atmospheric Pressure

To understand climate it would be an advantage to understand atmospheric air pressure. According to the scientific definition of pressure each body on earth inclusive living bodies experience a pressure which is exerted by the kinetic energies of the surrounded air particles. Air does not create an air column which weighs on bodies. For gases and liquids there is no gravimetric pressure, which is exerted by solid bodies. Air or water columns are pure science-fiction of physicists.

C2.9.4 The correct Explanation of Pressure Dependency on Hight

This decreasing exerted pressure by air with increasing height above sea level is exvlusively explained by scientific definition of pressure and the fact that the density of colliding molecules reduce by height.

This is a typical example of a wrong interpretation of a correlation, like it is the case for global warming. Gravitation just causes the dependency of concentration of molecules by height, but not the dependency of atmospheric pressure.

C2.9.5 Unexplained periodic Pressure Changes

By scientific research periodic daily and yearly changes of the barometric pressure have been detected:

There are maxima at about 10:00 h and 22:00 h

There are minima at about 4:00 h and 16:00 h

Clear is that a daily variation normally is caused by temperature. The temperature influence has been clearly found. But This does not explain the four peaks. Typical in physics is to avoid mentioning observations which can not be explained by current physics. Therefore only the German input in Wikipedia describes this phenomenon and not the English. By knowing the correct definition of pressure by Weltformel, the explanation is known immediately or befüre knowing the observation: The kinetic energies of colliding particles have opposite effects;

* increased pressure because collisions with increased kinetic energies

* decreased pressure because of less collisions

Thus the observation like every obsevation verifies SURe New Physics and refutes current physics.

C2.9.6 Observation of barometric pressure refutes Theories

SURe- New Physics requires and observations verify that the decrease of gravitational force and barometric pressure starts at the outer limit of solid core. The reason is that there ist the active region of nucleation reaction, and b this the generation oh omnipresent photons (=heat). If the theory of mass attraction would be reality the decrease of gravitation should clearly start at surface of earth and on equator the gravitation should be clearly stronger than on poles. No single explanation is presented why this is not observed.

It is very unscientific that curently the refutation of both theories are ignored by physicist.

C2.10 The specifcic characteristics of the kinetic Energy of Heat

* While kinetic energy refers to one body/ particle, the kinetic energy of heat refers to an averafe kinetic energy of omnipresent photons which are multiple billions in a volume of an atom.

* Because of the low mass of a photon the kinetic energy of a single heat photon (=infrared-photon) is one of the lowest energies in universe.

Comment: Even lower is the electric energy, which refers to the kinetic energy of an electron, which has a much lower mass than a photon (about 1/200).

* Heat is the dominant energy in universe, because of the high number of particles (far over 99% of all particles).

* There is no correlation between usual kinetic energy and heat:

- When an infrared photon is generated (=emitted) by a reaction with a molecule, kinetic energy of the molecule is consumed.

- When an infrared photon is consumed (=absorbed) by a reaction with a molecule, kinetic energy of a molecule is generated.

* Contrary to usual kinetic energies of bodies, the average kinetic energy o randomly moving heat photons can be regarded as absolute and as a scalar.

* It results to senseless formulas and data, when heat and kinetic energy are combined and not handled separately.

C2.11 The Correlation between Heat and kinetic Energy

C2.11.1 Basic Considerations concerning “Work” and Heat

As already mentioned the current definition of work (Work = Force multplied by displacement of an object makes no sense: No force is needed for a displacement and when a force is exerted to a body, an accelerated displacement occurs, which mean the displacement per length unit (meter) is not constant, so it is mathematically not allowed to multiply by number of constant units of displacement.

When a constant force is exerted to a body this can be expressed by force by time unit or kinetic energy per time unit.

There is no interaction in physics, which can be described by physical work and which cannot be described by kinetic energy.

Meaningful concerning thermodynamics is to know how heat generates kinetic energy, because this is often applied in technical machines.

So this chapter handles about generation of kinetic energy by heat.

When temperature is increased the increased kinetic energies of omnipresent photons increase the vibration energies of molecules. This increases the breakings of bonds between molecules in matter. Breaking of bonds always increases the kinetic energy, which is equivalent to generation of usable energy. Mostly the generated kinetic energy refers to the average knetic energy of a high number of gas molecules.

C2.11.2 The Explanation of Expansion by increasing Heat

It is well known that a solid body which experience an increase of temperature mostly expands its volume.

This occurs by following mechanism conform to Fundamental Laws of Nature:

* An increase of average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons (=increasing heat) cause after some time same increase of the kinetic energies of molecules which interact with omnipresent photons by fluctuating bindings (=absorption-averaging of vibration energies- emission). Increasing vibration energiesis equivalent to increasing kinetic energies. By increasing vibration energies of bindings, more and more atomic bonds of the solid break. By breaking of bonds in a physical system the number of superpositions of electrons is reduced, which always causes the increase of required volume of particles. So the expansion of solid matter by heat is a real increase of volume of matter. T Like most reactions this is reversible.

This is the first scientific explanation why solid bodies expand by increasing temperature and it also explains that the force of expansion is very high (= generation of high pressure).

Increasing strength of vibrations (= inreased amplitudes of vibrating electrons) do not cause relevant expansion.

For accurate statements whether vibrations can have a direct impact to neighbored particles further research is required.

C2.11.3 The Explanation of Contraction by increasing Heat

Despite the increasing volume of electrons some solid materials contract by increasing heat. This occurs when because of the broken bonds the specific order of bonds is destroyed and the not ordered solid system requires less volume than the ordered solid system with maximal bonds..

This again shows that changes of vibration amplitudes are not relevant.

C2.11.4 The Explanation of Expansion of Fluids and Gases by Heat

Also in fluids and gases increasing temperature cause increased breakings of inter-molecular bonds.

Different to solids in fluids and gases by increasing temperature the increasing number of separate particles do significant random movements. In fluids this might contribute to expansion. In gases this case a quicker distribution by free movements.

The effect of contraction is only possible near complete crystallization.

C2.11.5 The scientific Explanation of Pressure of Gases by Heat

If the volume of gases, which are heated, is limited, the random movement of gas molecules cause pressure.

Although the kinetic energy per collision to a surface decrease by lower mass the increasing number of particles cause a higher total kinetic energy per time unit and thus a higher pressure. In current physics there is the wrong statement that the increasing pressure is just caused by increasing kinetic energy of same ber of particles. If this would be reality there would be a much smaller correlation. This is a basic difference to current theory, which states that increasing pressure is just caused by increasing kinetic energy of with of separate particles increase which do random movements with, which cause expansion and pressure to surfaces by their kinetic energies.

C2.12 The first scientific Explanation of Evaporation

Evaporation is vaporization below boiling temperature. The temperature at which a fluid converts completely and quick to the gas phase should be called boiling temperature and not evaporation temperature. Evaporation occurs within a broad span of temperatures. Evaporation of H2O even occurs below freezing temperature by ice, which is very common reaction.

The reaction for evaporation is:

Every collision to ice or water by for example air molecules, high energetic photons or cosmic particles can cause the break of a H2O-H2O bond. By this the vibration energy of the bond is equally transferred to the separated H2O and the “rest”, which causes emission of the separated H2O-molecule. Mutual collisions of H2O-molecules do not have the required kinetic energies for evaporation.

Relevance for climate:

Evaporation of water is a significant effect for climate cooling. This adds to the cooling effects by high heat absorption potential and high heat capacity of water.

C3 The severe Errors of Absorption and Emission

C3.1 Basic wrong Understanding of Physics

Main problem of current physics is that everybody can decide whether

1. Physics is a natural science about observable physical matter in universe with the basic axiom that reality does exist.

or

2. Physics is a spiritual science (=science-fiction) with matter-less, non-observable phantom-like phenomenons with the basic axiom that reality does not exist.

Physics has manifested the equivalence of both totally opposite issues by the matter – wave dualism of photons, which is extremely unscientific and can be regarded as a recognition of the non-understanding of physics.

In current physics nearly all basic issues refer to the second option. Most descriptions and explanations of interactions are no physical reality.

In SURe – New Physics there are no options of physics. All interactions in universe are described and explained by option 1, which is by observed (=real) physics and should be, but is no more, the basic task of physical research.

Currently physical research by option 1 it is quasi prohibited, because by this the physical impossibilities of current fictive physics are revealed.

Concerning absorption and emission, heat and energy this results to:

* Absorption and emission refers to building and breaking of bondings of particles, including photons.

* Consumption and release of heat refers to building and breaking of bondings of omnipresent photons with kinetic energy in range of infrared.

* Consumption and release of energy refers to building and breaking of bondings of particles with kinetic energy.

C3.2 Basic wrong Understanding of Absorption and Emission

It is incredible that experts of spectroscopy were so strongly intimidated that they dare not to tell the truth about absorption and emissions of photons:

Absorption of a photons is equivalent to a bonding of a photon. By bonding of a photon the photon exist not any more. It is eliminated. By bonding of an IR-photon heat is eliminated.

By infrared absorption spectroscopy it is measured which kinetic energies the eliminated photons have, which means the amount of eliminated heat. When no heat is eliminated, the number of photons which propagate through the sample cell will be the same. If IR-photons are absorbed in the sample cell, these are not arriving at the detector, but these are also not in the sample cell, because these reacted to other particles. As these photons are no more “free” these cause no heat in the sample cell.

C3.3 Global Warming is determined by Emission Spectroscopy

Every expert of spectroscopy surely knows the reality, that absorption is the wrong property to determine gas molecules in atmosphere which cause global warming. It is very logical that exclusively gas molecules with a strong potential to emit IR-photons (= generate heat) refer to gas molecules which have the potential for climate warming. It is totally absurd to discuss and argue global warming by the potential for absorption. A strong absorption potential of particles in atmosphere refers to a strong cooling effect on climate. This can easily be verified by corresponding measurements.

C3.4 The Error of Excitation of Energies of Atoms

Current theory that absorption refers to excitation of a particle to a higher energy level would also result to the fact that energy is consumed and not generation by absorption. So it is the same conclusion that the potential of absorption refers to the potential to reduce energies or heat.

The first assumption of physicist was that photons are eliminated, when these cause a momentary change of the orbit of an atomic electron from a stable ground state where it has lowest orbiting energy to a state with a higher orbiting energy which has an increased distance to the atomic nucleus. Physicists have discovered many physical impossibilities of this theory and made up over 15 other completely different theories for generation and elimination (= emission and absorption) of photons, which all clearly can be proved to be physically impossible. This again shows the advantage of current physics that physically impossible theories, are not needed to be eliminated, even if these are falsified by current rules of physics.

Overall there is no physical possible description of an excited state, of a ground state and of the momentary changes of states.

This shows the disastrous state of physics, which is physically impossible science-fiction.

C3.5 Disproof of Excitation Theory of Absorption of Photons

According to current theories spectroscopic absorption and emission lines should be generally be identical. Every expert in spectroscopy has the knowledge by experience that absorption lines are never the same as emission lines. Otherwise these refer to reflection and not to absorption and emission. The reason for this is that an energetic peak of absorbed photons refers to an activation energy of a reaction, whereas an emission line refers to the kinetic energy of a generated photons by the reaction.

For all observations concerning absorbed (=eliminated) and emitted (=generated) photons, SURe – New Physics has defined the corresponding reaction equation and structures of particles.

C3.6 The catastrophe of totally wrong actions against climate change

The mis- understanding of absorption caused the “catastrophic” physical error to do actions to reduce CO2, which clearly will speed up global warming, while the high CO2 concentration has prevented that we now have an even warmer climate.

It is a disaster of current science that no expert of spectroscopy has been involved to explain how spectroscopic measurements of absorption are done:

Absorption is measured by a beam of photons, which have a specific energetic range of continuous energies. Often the continuous range is spitted by dispersion to specific energies which pass through a sample cell in turn. By this photons with specific kinetic energies are absorbed by the sample solution in the cell. Absorption is simply equivalent to binding. Binding of a photon means that the photon is eliminated and thus can do no impact any more to other bodies. In case of an absorbed IR-photon in atmosphere this causes that the photon cannot anymore generate heat on earth because it has reacted to another particle. In case of absorption of IR-photons heat is eliminated. The heat detector behind the sample cell measures the losses of intensities of specific kinetic energies. Concerning IR-absorption spectroscopy the loss of heat is measured. The losses of photons occur because IR-photons are bound to the sample.

C3.7 The outrages faked Warming Effect by CO2 -Absorption

Although absorption of IR- photons in atmosphere clearly causes heat reduction and thus cooling of climate, physical scientist manipulate the general public to believe that absorption causes the global warming.

In TV and schools often the experiment is shown that when between an IR- emission source like a lamp or the Sun and a heat-detector there is CO2 then the detector shows no heat any more, thus it shows that all heat is eliminated by absorption. It is really a very bad joke that a professor explains this experiment as prove that CO2 causes by absorption (=elimination) of heat the global warming. The logical demonstrated reality is that CO2 has because of its absorption potential an unequivocal cooling effect on earth climate.

This shows that physicist misuse there high reputation to tell lies to the general public.

It is outrages that scientists do not perform experimental tests to show the observed reality, but do physical impossible conclusions, which are pure fictive interpretations, which have nothing to do with the performed tests.

This clearly shows the normal way of faked tests in current physics. Experimental tests have to be done to check whether observations are consistent to statements. Performing tests are non-sense and manipulation when by theses not the conformity of observations to statements are checked, but instead interpretations of observations are compared to statements. The worst and most anti-scientific faults of scientists have become normality for physicists.

C3.8 Scientific Definition of Emission

Correct statement is that for every reaction there is also a back- reaction. The back- reaction of binding is a break of bonding. Break of bonding results mostly to a decay of a particle. A decay of a particle is equivalent to an emission of a particle. The scientific definition for emission is:

Emission in physics is equivalent to the repulsion of a part of a particle by too strong vibration of a bonding which breaks by this.

Emission of an Infrared-photon is equivalent to heat generation.

Each emission reaction is activated by a collision. Often the colliding particle is bonded. A bonding reaction is always combined with a transfer of collision energy to vibration energy. In addition an averaging process over all bondings follows after a new bonding. This process explains that the re-emission of a photon generally results to the fact that the emitted kinetic energy is different than the kinetic energy of an absorbed photon.

C3.9 No Warming Effect by Emission of Infrared-photons in Atmosphere

There are two significant differences between absorbed IR-photons from sun and emitted IR-photons by molecules of atmosphere:

1. All absorbed IR-photons were on the way from sun to earth while the emission direction is randomly, which means is done to all directions including back to space.

2. But even more important is:

After absorption (binding) of an IR-photon from sun, an averaging over all bondings occurs. As there is only one new bonding with increased vibration energy but several thousands of bondings with very low vibration energies, the averaging process results to the fact that all bound photons to a molecule get just a very small higher vibration energy than before. By this any emitted photon has nearly same energy than the average of omnipresent photons in this area and much lower kinetic energy than the absorbed one from sun.

Overall absorption and emission of IR-photons in atmosphere result to following climate effects:

* Absorption of IR-photons by molecules causes a relevant cooling effect on climate by preventing that infrared-photons arrive at earth surface and thus increase temperatures.

* Emission of IR-photons causes no relevant effect on climate because these photons are much cooler than earth ground. If the photons would reach the earth ground these would have an additional cooling effect.

Later it will be shown that the emitted photons in atmosphere will always cause that heat flows to the coldest area which is the space with 3 Kelvin.

Any heat transfer to earth ground would violate the second law of thermodymics. The second law of thermodynamics is reality because it can be derived from the two Fundamental Laws of Nature (=Weltformel).

By this the general physical rule concerning temperature and climate is:

Every additional molecule between sun and earth causes reduced temperatures on earth surface and by this participates to a cooler climate.

C3.10 The outrages Fake of atmospheric Counter-radiation

It is not only extremely anti-scientific but it can be regarded as severe crime against general public to state that there is a heat transfer from cold atmosphere to warmer earth surface (about 15 °C), just to manipulate people to believe in the physical impossible theory that absorption of CO2 in atmosphere causes the fictive climate warming instead of the observed reality of cooling.

It would even much more probable to heat ones house by a radiator which has a colder temperature than the rooms.

As already mentioned reality is the second law of thermodynamics that heat always flows to regions with lower temperatures. But the disadvantage of current rules of thermodynamics are either no realty or not explained. Sure- new Physics explains in detail why the 2^nd law is generally valid. Even radiation of heat is no exclusion because radiated infrared photons don’t have thermal energy (heat), but have the potential to generate heat.

C3.11 The even more outrages Fake of Measurements of Counter-Radiation

The summit of anti-science is that scientists even dared to state that they have build an equipment to measure counter-radiation, which means to measure something which does not exist.

It is very strange that physicist never had a look at this equipment, otherwise they should have recognized the fake, which is very obvious:

The real measured property is the temperature difference between 2 different materials (metal plate and polymer sheet) which are positionend one above the other with some space in between. Everyone knows that it is normality that two different materials have different temperatures also when the surroundings have equal temperatures.

The temperature difference is multiplied by a factor which results to the assumed fictive value of counter- radiation.

This is the usual way how in current physics physical impossibilities are verified.

C3.12 The Cooling Effect of different Gases

As Infrared-photons from Sun are absorbed by photon chains of molecules, the potential for absorption is determined by number and length of photon chains. Number of photon chains is roughly proportional to mass of molecules. Thus the mass density of atomic matter in atmosphere determines the absorption potential and by this the cooling potential of different gas molecules in atmosphere.

As the cooling potential of gases correlates with the specific heat conductivity it can be expected with high probability that a CO2 molecule has the same cooling potential on climate. But overall the differences between different atmospheric cases are small, so that the mass concentration determine tha absorption potential and by this the cooling potential.

Strongest cooling effect as specific particles have droplets of water (clouds) and aerosols (dusts). It is a clear sign of current non-understandings that absorption of IR-photons by aerosols is still accepted as cooling effect and absorption of clouds and gas-molecules are not any more accepted contrary to times before the statement of CO2-greenhouse effect. Different effects on climate by same property does not make sense at all.

C3.13 The indirect Cooling Effect of CO2

Unfortunately the absorption potential of CO2 is not much stronger than that of O2 and N2. Generally low concentrations have low influence on climate. A much stronger effect have additional molecules like it is the case for CO2. Also aerosols have a strong effect. Concerning areosols it has to be taken into account that also ice crystals or droplets of H2O and CO2 are aerosols.

The strongest effect of the increased CO2- concentration is caused by the increased plant growths by CO2. By this there is a significant indirect cooling effect by increased evaporation of moisture.

C3.14 The blatant Error of thermal Absorption

It is again the question, why experts of spectroscopy do not mention that by current infrared spectroscopy the absorption of heat (thermal absorption) is not measured, but exclusively kinetic absorption, which has nothing to do with heat. Thermal absorption is eliminated by a blind sample as reference. Thermal absorption is eliminated because these strongly superpose the relevant peaks of sprcific absorptions, by whivh substances can be identfied and quantified. Thermal absorption shows a broad range of continuous energies, which is nearly the same for all gases and has relative strong intensities. Thermal absorption bands look similar to thermal emission bands. Thermal emission is currently known as black body radiation All thermal absorption spectra of single gases are not of any relevance concerning climate..

In order to measure thermal absorption, vacuum has to be used as blind sample, which is a bit difficult. As hydrogen has the lowest absorption potential, also hydrogen can be used to get an impression of the bands of heat absorption.

Overall correct measurements of heat absorption clearly shows that there is no significant difference of heat absorption by current air and air with 4% CO2 or even higher concentration. Thus the concentration of CO2 can increase 100 times of current concentration without any effect on thermal absorption and climate.

C3.15 Examples for kinetic Absorption of Gases in Atmosphere

Scientist know that by absorption in atmosphere specific photons are eliminated by absorption. This shows that by absorption it is prevented that photons reach the earth surface. The corresponding reaction is called photolysis. Photolysis means that by bonding (absorption) of a photon a bonding in a molecule is broken. Well know examples are:

- By absorption of UV-C-photons O2 bondings are broken.

- By absorption of X-ray-photons N2 bondings are broken.

Examples for kinetic absorption of infrared photons (heat) are

- Breaking of H2O-H2O bondings.

- Breaking of CO2-CO2 bondings.

- Breaking of H2O-CO2 bondings.

Overall above interactions show the reality concerning climate change:

The man-made increase of CO2 molecules of nearly 50% has prevented that the current warm period of climate has not caused higher temperatures.

C4 The Errors of Heat Generation

C4.1 Criteria for Heat Generation

Heat generation is equivalent to a reaction by which omnipresent photons are generated. Criteria for omnipresent photons is that these do random movements by collisions. This is only possible, when the generated photons have kinetic energies which are not too different than the kinetic energies of omnipresent photons. Otherwise the generated photons would penetrate the omnipresent photons and thus are so called radiated photons. As omnipresent photons have kinetic energies of infrared photons the generated photons have to be IR-photons. Higher heat is generated when the generated Infrared-photons have higher average kinetic energies. If the kinetic energies are lower the temperature is reduced.

But by the definition of the unit for temperature and heat to be K/mol there is an increase of heat because most omnipresent photons have the kinetic energy of space which is near zero K/mol.

C4.2 Generation of significant Amounts of Heat

Significant amounts of energy are generated, when photons chains decay by collisions, because by this millions single photons in infrared range are emitted.

High amounts of heat are generated, when the emitted single photons activate further decays of photon chains to single photons. Such a reaction is self accelerated and is called explosion with quick generation of high amounts if heat. All observed high amounts of heat are generated by this process heat generations are caused by such a reaction. Examples are:

* All power plants which work by heat inclusive nuclear fission power plants

* Burning reactions

* All heat generations in space by celestial bodies (stars, planets, moons, supernovae)

* Nuclear and hydrogen bomb

For the activation of a decay of photon chain is done by collision of a high energetic IR-photon .

C4.3 Generation of Heat by chemical Reaction

All reactions of atomic particles with other atomic particles are called chemical reactions. Concerning heat generation there are following rules:

When educts consist of photon chains with totally more photons than products, heat is generated.

When educts consist of photon chains with totally less photons than products, heat is consumed.

Two examples:

CO2 consists of photon chains with relative few photons. Thus reactions of CO2 nearly always consume heat.

O2 consists of photon chains with relative many photons. Thus reactions of O2 nearly always generates heat.

C4.4 Generation of Heat by a Star like Sun

C4.4.1 The fatal Error of Heat Generation by Sun

In core of a star nuclear fusion reactions of hydrogen occur because of the cold temperatures (less than 15K). By this the photon chain of the hydrogen atom breaks and is emitted. On the way to the surface many photon chains are bound to magnetic fields which are catapulted out of the surface of sun together with protons. Collisions of protons to magnetic fields cause the decay of magnetic fields to single photons. These have too high energies to be integrated to the omnipresent photons in the surrounding of the sun. Thus the surrounding of sun is not heated and remains at the usual space temperature of about 3 Kelvin. Therefore in the Sun generates thermal radiation in its atmosphere but no heat. Thermal radiation is no heat. (see next chapter). If stars would generate heat, stars would not exist as these would melt and evaporate to hydrogen.

C4.4.2 The extremely extraordinaire Generation of Heat by Stars

Normally heat is directly generated by decay of atomic photon chains of atomic matter. As mentioned above this is not possible by stars. It is incredibly overwhelming that in universe a something has been created which produce unimaginably high amounts of energy while conserving its own temperature near absolute zero. Even the high energetic ejection of the “fuel” is essential so that stars prevent significant heat generation. The ejection process is exclusively possible, because frozen hydrogen is bonded to a flexible membrane around surface of stars, which cause that the gas mixture of protons and magnetic fields is retained and builds high pressure until the membrane cracks and the “fuel” it is ejected out of the surface mrmbrane. At the same time the high energetic ejections cause the ignition of the explosive fuel, which work without the normally required oxygen.

By my research for physical Reality I got knowledge of many of such unique wonders in universe, by which I got the clear believe in a supernatural force, which I call god.

C4.4.3 Now Power Plants analog to Sun are clearly manageable

Energy and heat can be much easier generated than the process in sun, as there are technical possibilities which are not available by Sun.

Actually the process to generate lots of emitted photons by high energetic collisions of protons to magnetic fields has already been copied since several decades, but no research has been done for the simple modification to a power plant, because of the restriction to tell the truth about energy generation. Currently used application just refers to generation of the so called “Synchrotron” radiation. For heat generation the energy of collisions by colliders is much too high.

As every atomic particle has photon-chains which can decay to photons (energy, light and heat) any molecule can be used for this including water. Heat generation by collisions of neutrons to water is already used in nuclear power plants. It is an extremely absurd idea to generate the colliding particles by radioactive decays. This does not make sense at all. Besides neutrons and protons many other particles can be use for collisions. Also the generated neutrons have a too high kinetic energy and have to be decelerated.

C4.4.3 Other Heat Generations by decay of atomic Photon-Chains

All observed strong emissions of Heat and Light are generated by decay of photon chains of atomic matter. Thr high kinetic energy is just used to activate following decay reactins;Transfers of kinetic energy would nt result to heat and Light):

* Decay of asteroids before these collide to earth ground (Tscheljabinsk and Tunguska)

* Decay of metallic space bodies by entering earth atmosphere.

* Collision of a metallic body to a asteroid (deep impact experiment).

* Lighinins are caused by decay of moisture and air molecules. of water drops by lightning

* Laser cutting

* Plasma - cutting

C4.4.4 The fascinating Temperature Control of Stars

In the atmosphere of stars are no atomic particles, which is the explanation for the fact that besides in the core of stars also in the surrounding of stars temperatures are near zero. The emission direction of photons is mainly to space, which causes that also the heat generation on Sun surface by hydrogen is not critical. But some heating is essential for the spectacular temperature control of sun:

When the temperature of frozen hydrogen of stars increases, then less fusion of hydrogen occurs, by which less photon chains as fuel are generated, so that the heat generation is reduced.

Overall above control mechanism assures that the emitted intensities of infrared photon by Sun have a very good long term stability. It can be sure that the detected climate changes on earth have not been caused by variations of emitted infrared-photons ( “sunshine”).

C4.4.5 No relevant Heat Increase by Sun in Earth Atmosphere

The emitted infrared photons of Sun generate Heat when these are absorbed by atomic matter. This is done mainly at earth ground, but some infrared-photons are absorbed by molecules in atmosphere. By absorption of infrared photons in atmosphere the molecules in atmosphere are heated up. But as few absorbed high energetic photons are averaged over vibration energies with lots of low energetic photons the molecules in atmosphere will not experience a significant increase of kinetic energy. This means the emitted IR-photons by molecules in

After absorption of infrared- photons by atomic matter and averaging of energies, other photons are emitted. These emitted photons have much lower kinetic energies than the absorbed photons from sun. Therefore the IR-photons are incorporated to the colliding system of randomly moving omnipresent photons. But these cause not a relevant increase of average energies of omnipresent photons (= heat) in earth atmosphere.

The temperatures of earth atmosphere is determined by stable flow of heat from earth ground (about 288 K) to space (3 K) and thus a stable gradient to lower temperatures by distance to earth. (explained in later chapter).

Overall absorption of IR-photons in atmosphere prevents that this photon generates heat on earth surface.

Thus each molecule in earth atmosphere causes the cooling of climate on earth.

C4.4.6 Heat generation by Sun on Earth Ground

On earth surface there are much more molecules which absorb the emitted infrared-photons from sun. Therefore by time the temperatures of matter increases, by which the heat is stored. Particular the huge areas of water store high amounts of heat. This heat storage is the most important climate effect on earth, because together with the transfer of heat to areas of land by wind, this causes an effective balance between day and night.

C4.4.7 Absorption of Heat rules the Climate on Earth

Thus the temperatures on earth are mitigated by absorption:

* By absorption of infrared-photons (=heat) by gas- molecules in atmosphere the temperatures during sunshine are strongly reduced.

* By absorption of infrared -photons (=heat) by water -molecules the temperatures during sunshine are reduced.

* By strong heat capacity of water heat is transferred by wind to land and prevents strong cooling at night.

C4.5 Heat Generation in Earth

C4.5.1 Heat Generation of most celestial Bodies have same basis

Solid core in earth and in other celestial bodies are a strong indication that in core of earth molecules are nucleated to protonium like in stars. The statement that the core of earth consists of iron is nearly impossible, as this should be fluid.

In core of earth the nucleation is mainly activated by collisions under increased pressure instead of extreme low temperatures like in stars or hydrogene planets. This causes the reaction of atoms to protonium and to photon-chains in the outer area of the protonium core. The difference to stars is that the photon-chains already decay in earth by collisions to heavy atoms. Thus the inner part between solid core and solid crust is heated.

C4.5.2 Heat Generation by radioactive Decays is Anti-Science

Heat generation in earth by radioactive decays can be excluded, because

* radioactive decays normally do not generate infrared photons (heat), as by radioactive decays no infrared photons are generated and

* radioactive decays are so rare that these even would not generate the observed high temperatures in earth, when there would occur emissions of infrared-photons, which is indirectly possible.

As far as I know generation of heat by radioactive decays has not been observes in nature. A literature search for measurements of generated heat by natural radioactive decays was not successful.

Again an example were physicist do science fiction and antiscience: statements against observations.

Well known by nuclear fission plants is, that radioactive matter which was technically concentrated generate lots of neutrons which can decay photon chains of molecules like water to infrared photons (heat).

But samples of natural radioactive material do not get hot.

C4.5.3 Heat Generation in core of Earth is not relevant for Climate

Heat generation of earth is not relevant for climate, because temperature of earth surface is nearly completely determined by sunshine.

Only in polar winter of Antarctica Cthe temperatures are partly stabilized by heat generated in earth. Otherwise the temperatures would be probably colder.

In Arctic the temperatures are stabilized by sea water and wind.

C4.6 Heat Generation by Phase Transitions

C4.6.1 Why don’t Physicist explain Phase Transitions?

It is well known that all molecules change completely their characteristics by changing the temperature and also by changing the pressure. Physicists call this phenomenon phase transition and did a detailed documentation by so called phase diagrams at which temperatures and pressures phase changes occur. This has been done for many substances.

But it seems that physicists are not allowed to tell the obvious explanation for phase transitions. This would explain that in Wikipedia just fake explanations are presented. As an example they explained phase transitions to a solid by nucleation and nucleation is explained by phase transition. Positive is, that in cases of phase transition physicists did not invent new magic forces like it is normally done for phenomenons for which the reality is either not known or prohibited to mention. So it is just mentioned that the new particles are results of a magic transformation of matter.

Nevertheless for me it was again surprising how rigorously physicist have to obey the main rule of physical institutions: A physicist can tell anything except the reality. The Reality is the greatest fear of physical institutions, because by the reality they they have to admit that complete physics is based on physical impossible theories.

C4.6.2 The Error of of Explanation by thermal Motion

Mostly it is stated that phase changes can be explained by changes of thermal motion. Thermal motion is differentiated by two complete different phenomenons:

1) Random linear movements with collisions, which is also called Brownian thermal motion.

2) Vibration of atoms.

It is correct that there is a correlation, but a correlation is no explanation.

In addition both above phenomenons have no or wrong explanations Thus already by this it is not possible to explain other issues by these.

In both cases there are changes of movement which need forces. So the first research task would be to define the forces which cause vibration and Brownian motion.

C4.6.3 The Impossibility of Self- Assembly

The theory of self- assembly has been made up to explain the symmetric order of atoms and molecules which is generated by solidification (=freezing) of many substances. Of course this is physically impossible, because every spontaneous interaction needs an activation energy and a force to occur.

A solid phase can not be an assembly of particles without without rigid bonds between particles.

C4.6.4 The first scientific Explanation of Phase Transitions

Reduced temperatures increase the stability of bonds between particles and thus also the number of bonds are increased by reducing the temperature.

All particles, even subatomic particles, have multiple positions in their structures where bonds are possible. Atomic nuclei of gases and fluids have more bonding possibilities than used at standard temperature. In solid bodies the number of bonds are mostly at maximum, but these can rearrange to lower spin energies at specific temperatures. By increasing temperature the number of bods in solids reduce until these react to fluids (melt) and gas phase.

The forces which cause phase changes are of course the force to achieve a state with lowest spin energy by superposition (bonds) by low temperatures and the force to conserve kinetic energy which causes break of bonds at high temperatures. There is one single type of bonds: partial vibrating superposition.

C4.6.5 Heat Effects by Phase Transitions are not understood

It is well known that by freezing and condensation of many substances heat is generated and by melting and evaporation of these substances heat is consumed. In all cases thes phenomens cause o stabilization of the temperature as long as the phase transition is not finished. This is the only scientific explanation of stable temperature by phase transition. This has ro be done without overheating or undercooling. ofcases By reduction of temperature molecule-molecule bonds are built.

By the knowledge of the definition of heat it is clear and logical what is required for heat effects of phase transitions: By bonding of molecules infrared-photons have to be emitted (= heat generation) and by breaking of bondings infrared-photons have to be bonded. At all possible bonding options of particles there are bound photons. Most of these decay to IR-photons , in some cases also visible photons might be generated.

As the structures of many atoms and molecules are already known by SURe-New-Physics, it is known that protons have 3 double-bonds options, which explains why water has particular strong heat effects by phase transitions.

C4.6.6 Heat Effects by Phase Transitions are called latent Heat

Instead of making up new terms physicist should do research to find out scientific explanations. There is just heat, which can be transferred, generated or consumed. Terms like latent heat or the corresponding sensible heat result to the erroneous thinking that there are different heats. Even more scientific non-sense is created by combining heat with energy or work. These are completely different physical issues which do not correlate to each other: Generation of low energetic photons generate heat whereas generation of high energetic photons generate no heat. When visible photons would be generated by freezing instead of infrared photons there would be no stable temperature during phase transitions but usual cooling. In addition it is well known that a phase transition can also occur by changed temperature. This is the case when when a super-cooled liquid freezes. This clearly shows that freezing generates heat. The stable temperature of a freezing system is a result of consumption of heat by a cooling which is equal to the generation of heat by freezing.

C4.6.7 Latent Heat is a crucial Climate Factor

By the huge amounts of water on earth surface the heat effects by phasr transitions of ware play a very strong role on climate because of an essential temperature stabilization effect.

Particularly significant is the cooling effect by evaporation of water. By this a lot of heat is transferred to the atmosphere, where the latent heat is released again by condensation. But the condensation has a stronger cooling effect by the increased absorption of infrared-photons from sun than heating effect by condensation. In the weather zone of atmosphere and above the temperature is mainly determined by the “cold” photons from space. Changes of temperature at this height in atmosphere are not relevant for climate.

C4.6.8 The Climate Effect of Heat Capacity

Contrary to current theory latent heat refers not only to phase transitions but to all temperature changes. This means mutual H2O bindings occur by all temperature changes in gas and liquid phase of water and thus water can store much more heat than usually. This is the explanation for the extraordinaire heat capacity of water. Decays of bondings occur by every increase of temperature. Heat effects reverse to generation by bondings of molecules explains the terms: Water has a high latent heat potential and thus a high heat capacity. Heat capacity is caused

- by cooling of H2O many mutual H2O bondings are generated and thus many emissions of IR-photons occur, which means heat is generated. Overall the cooling to one degree lower temperature takes longer because of the latent heat.

- by heating of H2O many mutual H2O bondings break and thus IR-photons are bonded to H2O, which means heat is consumed . Overall the heating to one degree higher temperatures takes longer because of the latent heat.

C4.7 Why do only Infrared- Photons generate Heat?

C4.7.1 General Rules for Interactions

All interactions in universe by which new particles are generated are usual reactions. Also the generation of heat (omnipresent photons) is a usual reaction for which the general rules for reactions are valid. The rules concerning positions of reactions is newly discovered by New-Physics determined by Funfamental Laws of Nature (=Weltformel):

* The kinetic energy of a colliding particle determines on which position the colliding particle is stopped and breaks an existing bond by binding (absorption) itself to the collided particle.

* The kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to its penetration potential.

* When the kinetic energy of a colliding particle is significantly stronger than the binding energy of existing bonds of the collided particle, the positions of bonds are penetrated.

* When the kinetic energy is significantly smaller than the binding energy of existing bonds the colliding particle is not able to break the bonds at the corresponding position.

C4.7.2 The first Explanation why only IR-photons generate Heat

According to the definition of heat the requirement for photons to refer to heat is that these have nearly the same kinetic energy as the omnipresent photons. On the other side high energetic photons are required to do straight and fast movement though space by penetration through omnipresent photons without collisions. After propagation through space the high energetic infrared-photons have to react with photon chains of atoms, so that single photons with reduced kinetic energy are generated. Without the reduction of kinetic energy the infrared photons would penetrate the adequate positions of atomic photon chains. The finally emitted photons from photon-chains have still somewhat higher energy than omnipresent photons so that these will increase the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons which means generate heat.

C4.7.4 The first Explanation why relative high Heat is generated

The collision of an infrared- photon causes a breaking of the ring structure of the photon chain, by which multiple photons are generated. Each of these generated photons have sufficient kinetic energy that it can cause further breakings of photon rings. Thus this oftn results to a self-accelerating reaction. Thus one initial decay causes multiple thousands of single photons which increase the heat. Evan explosions can occur. A significant heat increase would not be possible when there would just be one or few emission steps per absorption according to current theory. Thus the creation of heat is a clear refutation of current theory of electromagnetic waves.

C4.7.5 Why is it possible to generate permanently Heat?

This is observed for example by the former light bulbs, which permanently generate heat and light by maintaining an electric current through the emitting filament.

Usually any reaction comes to an end, when the reaction product is emitted. Why this do not occur, is a very important questions, which requires explanation. The moving electrons in the filament of the light bulb just maintain the vibration energy of bondings of the material of the filament, but do not react to photons. Thus permanently photons are eliminated out of the physical system.

The only physically possible solution is that photons enter the physical system (light bulb), which are of course omnipresent photons. So this system is one of hundreds of verifications that there have to exist omnipresent photons.

An additional requirement is that the omnipresent photons build new bondings to rebuild the destroyed photon chains. This is possible, because these got in the bulb a high temperature and thus a sufficient high kinetic energy to bind to the strongly vibrating photon chains. Thus there is a usual reaction equation although permanently photons are emitted out of the system.

C4.7.6 The first Explanation of Reactions of visible Photons

Visible photons have a kinetic energy which suits to bind to a position where a photon of the chain has three bonds. This are the positions at which the rings of 6 photons are connected. When a photon binds to such a position, no single photon es emitted. The ring structures are still intact. Some of these can be emitted as ring structures, some are combined again by binding to omnipresent photons. Overall there is no generation of heat.

But it is not sure, whether the currently defined energy level which classifies the transition from infrared to visible photons suits exactly to generation or not generation of heat.

C4.7.7 Why are there black Bodies?

Physicists should have mentioned that this phenomenon can not be explained by current theory that photons can be electromagnetic waves and in addition violates principle of energy conservation By sunshine there are high intensities of absorbed photons with visible kinetic energy or higher, but no photon in these ranges are emitted. When infrared photons are filtered out for absorption not any photon is emitted. It is very unscientific that no scientists mentions that this “daily” observed refutation of physics.

The explanation is the same as previous chapter.

C4.7.8 Why are there white Bodies?

White bodies have matter on surface which absorb visible photons but more or less reflect these to various directions. Reflection potential depends on structure of surface matter. For example, when nearly all bindings of matter are parallel to surface this causes reflections because there are no binding positions in between photon chains on surface structure of matter. Thus reflection it is nearly independent from kinetic energy of visible photons. There are no specific reflections of colors.

Contrary to visible photons, IR-photons have a very low reflection potential and a high absorption potential, because there are more possibilities for binding. For ice the measured reflection potential for IR-photons is about 10%. This means that the reflection of heat by ice (= albedo effect) has no relevant cooling effect on climate, which is the contrary of current theory.

C4.7.9 Why are there colored bodies?

Colored appearance of surfaces are caused by photolysis reactions of atomic nuclei by visible photons with specific kinetic energies. This means that the photon with a specific energy breaks a specific bond of a specific nucleus. Thus in the relected photons one color is missing which causes the observed different colors is broken and a bonding to another atom is generated. The color is generated by the emitted excess photons which are emitted.

It is also possible that by specific reactions of matter with visible photons IR-photons are generated. In nearly all cases these are not relevant for generation of climate. Currently I am not aware of any experiment, by which relevant heat is generated by a reaction of matter with visible photons.

C4.8 Error and Reality of Heat Effects by a Light Mill

C4.8.1 Light Mills verify that heat is not generated by Light

There are many verifications of the statement that exclusively IR-photons generate heat. But the most impressive one is by light mill. Contrary to the term light mill, it does not work by visible photons but exclusively by infrared -photons, which is equivalent to heat. Another term is Crooks radiometer, which is even worse, because the term erroneously includes even photons with higher kinetic energies. The exact kinetic energy where the absorption potential for heat ends still has to be determined.

C4.8.2 Description of Light Mill

General description by Wikipedia :“The radiometer is made from a glass bulb from which much of the air has been removed to form a partial vacuum. Inside the bulb, on a low-friction spindle, is a rotor with several (usually four) vertical lightweight vanes spaced equally around the axis. The vanes are polished or white on one side and black on the other.

C4.8.3 Observations of Light Mill

When exposed to sunlight, artificial light, or infrared radiation (even the heat of a hand nearby can be enough), the vanes turn with no apparent motive power, the dark sides retreating from the radiation source and the light sides advancing.

Cooling the outside of the radiometer rapidly causes rotation in the opposite direction.“

C4.8.4 Scientific Requirements of Light Mill

Following has to be fulfilled for rotation of the mill:

* There has to be a temperature difference between black and white side of the vanes. For this emitted infrared-photons form outside are requires and the much stronger heat absorption of the black side are required.

* A specific gas pressure between vacuum and normal is required, which sows that a low concentration of gas molecules is required, which interact differently with the different temperatures of different sides of the vanes.

C4.8.5 Current wrong Explanation of Light Mill

A light mill is interesting because the final explanation, which was defined after 10 years of discussions is still incorrect.

Current wrong explanations:

* The vanes are heated by light (= visible photons)

* Wikipedia: “The currently accepted theory was formulated by Osborne Reynolds, who theorized that thermal transpiration was the cause of the motion.“

Fictive theories have to be eliminated in physics. This theory again makes up a new specific force which is physically impossible. Every observation has to be explained by the only existing active force and the only passive force in universe.

* Wikipedia (Germany): In material of vanes there occur random motions which increase by temperature, and the stronger motions cause that colliding gas molecules get an increased force of repulsion.

In solid phase there are no random movements of particles, by which there occur collisions to gas molecules.

C4.8.6 Reality of Light Mill by SURe- New Physics (Weltformel)

As well gas molecules as photons collide to matter at different temperatures and different surface characteristics.

By any collision of particles a superposition of electrons occurs, which can be regarded as bonding by which an averaging process of vibration energies starts By collisions to a hotter material the vibration energies are stronger so that by averaging the colliding particle takes over more vibration energy than it is the case for collisions to colder matter. When the superposed position does not reach a minimum the colliding particle is emitted again. Emission means that kinetic energy of movement is converted by 50% to the kinetic energy of both decaying particles in opposite direction. By this not only the re-emitted particle gets a somewhat higher kinetic energy than before collision, but also the collided body experience a repulsion which depends on the temperature of the body (here the vanes). Thus the black sides of vanes with higher temperatures get a stronger repulsion force than the white sides, which cause the rotation.

The repulsion effect is valid for all colliding particles, which means for photons and for gas-molecules. As photons have too low kinetic energies there have to be also gas molecules which support the rotation.

When both sides of vanes have same temperatures, the effects cancel each other out.

C4.9 The Error that Pressure generates Heat

Many people think that pressure generates heat. This is an error because exclusively the increase of pressure causes heat. These are two different issues: Generation of heat is a reaction of matter, but heat is a state of matter. By increasing pressure of gas-molecules there occur binding reactions of gas molecules to other gas molecules. The new bonding replaces a formerly bound IR-photon. Thus IR-photons are generated which is equivalent to generation of heat. The generated photons are absorbed by omnipresent photons by which the heat is eliminated again.

Overall the thermodynamic rule is:

* An increase of pressure for gases generates heat which later is eliminated again.

* A gas with a higher pressure does not have a higher heat.

C5 The Errors of Thermal Radiation

C5.1 Zero Understanding of Thermal Radiation

In the description of thermal radiation of Wikipedia there is not a single sentence which is physical reality or physically possible:

Part 1:

“Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the thermal motion of particles in matter. Thermal radiation transmits as an electromagnetic wave through both matter and vacuum. When matter absorbs thermal radiation its temperature will tend to rise. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation.”

List of faults:

* Electromagnetic radiation is physically impossible and does not exist.

* Thermal radiation es equivalent exclusively to emitted infrared-photons and not to other photons..

* It is not emitted by thermal motion of substances.

* Thermal motion is only done by gases and fluids, but not by solids.

* Infrared - photons do not transmit through most matter.

* Vacuum does not exist.

* By absorption of thermal radiation, temperature can also go down.

* Not all matter emits thermal radiation. There are many requirements that thermal radiation occurs.

* Absolute zero has no scientific explanation.

Part 2 of description of Wikipedia

“The emission of energy arises from a combination of electronic, molecular, and lattice oscillations in a material.[1] Kinetic energy is converted to electromagnetism due to charge-acceleration or dipole oscillation. At room temperature, most of the emission is in the infrared (IR) spectrum.[2]: 73–86 Thermal radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer, along with conduction and convection.”

List of faults:

* Energy cannot be emitted; just particles can be emitted

* Oscillation does not cause emission of energy.

* The conversion of kinetic energy to electromagnetism is physically impossible.

* Charges are nothing physical (no describable structure), thus do not exist.

* At room temperature all emitted photons are IR-photons

* By thermal radiation heat is not transferred, but heat can be generated by thermal radiation.

C5.2 Basic Error and Reality of thermal Radiation

By definition of heat it is irrevocable that heat cannot be radiated. When infrared photons have so high kinetic energy that these penetrate omnipresent photons, these cannot increase the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons by absorption. Lots of emitted infrared-photons move in one single direction. By this these do not meet the requirements for heat, which are random movements caused by mutual collisions.

So thermal radiation does not mean that heat is transferred.

The definition of thermal radiation is: Thermal radiation refers to infrared photons, which have such a high kinetic energy that they penetrate omnipresent photons.

Thermal radiation is no heat but generate heat by absorption to atomic matter.

C5.3 Requirements for Heat Generation by thermal Radiation

The requirement for heat Generation by thermal radiation is that the radiated photons are IR-photons and that these can be absorbed by atomic matter or other matter which decays to single photons like magnetic or electric fields. The reason for this is that only by low energy theses do not penetrate the photon-chains. Kinetic energy es a relative energy which means penetration occurs above a specific difference of kinetic energies. When the omnipresent photons have high average kinetic energy (=temperature) the radiated photons can have higher kinetic energy to be absorbed.

C5.4 Permanent Radiation is not explained

The statement “All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation” is absolutely physically impossible and non-sense. This would be a permanent energy generation. Thus we would have no energy problems any more. As radiation refers to photons there would not only be continuous energy generation but also continuous particle generation.

Again an issue, where knowledge converted to antiscience. Formerly it has been stated that emission is in equilibrium with absorption, which correctly expresses that photons can only be emitted when other photons were absorbed (=bound) before.

So formerly the problem was that it could not be explained why photons are continuously absorbed.

Also the current statement “The emission of energy arises from a combination of electronic, molecular, and lattice oscillations in a material . “ does not solve the energy problem, but adds a force problem, as all changes of movements require a force.

C5.5 The erroneous Use of Term Back Body Radiation

The term shall be an idealized body which has the highest possible potential for emission of radiation (=emissivity) at specific temperature of all bodies.

The term black body radiation uses thermal energy for all energies which are emitted by temperature. This is totally different from thermal energy as expression for radiation that generates heat. I have found no clarification about the valid definition. But mostly visible radiation is also regarded as thermal radiation.

In any case concerning a real black body there is an extremely strange observation: Although a black body absorb high amounts of IR- and visible photons. It does not emit any visible photon. Thus the emissivity is very weak compared to other bodies.

It is very unscientific that this discrepancy is not explained and not even mentioned. I have to admit that the explanation was also for me not easy, but finally there was just one solution by Weltformel for this problem which is presented later. In current physics this problem is probably not mentioned because the missing emission is a refutation of current physics.

Also the statement that the emission is exclusively determined by temperature is partly corrected, that the emission is influenced by the material.

The statement that also the sun emits thermal radiation is pure antiscience and there is no relevant absorption.

C5.6 Not any Formula for thermal Radiation is physically possible

Not any Formula for thermal Radiation is physically possible. The reasons are very simple:

Following issues are completely wrongly understood

* radiation

* heat

* thermal energy, kinetic energy, internal energy

* difference of heat generating and energy generating photons

* completely wrong understanding of thermodynamics (Enthaly, entropy)

* formula and unit for kinetic energy

* formula and unit for work

Steffan-Boltzman rule will be taken as example

C5.8 Research should be done for useful applications

For climate control we would urgently a valid measurement of received heat from sun. Current data are not very reliable as these are influenced by energy data. The best way to control heat from sun is to measure the increase of temperatute of a specific volume of water in a specific time starting at a5 degrees C.

C5.9 Thermal Radiation can cause Cooling

Currently the important statement is missing, that each thermal radiation can cause not only heating but also cooling:

When emitted IR-photons are absorbed by cooler matter these heat the matter.

When emitted IR-photons are absorbed by warmer matter these cool the matter.

It is extremely unscientific that this logical knowledge, which has been experimentally verified already before 1900 is not mentioned any more. It has also be shown in the experiment that the low energetic IR-photons (=heat), which cause cooling can be deflected and thus focused by reflection on metallic surfaces.

Many useful applications:

Thus as example for applications a laser can be constructed which can be used to extinguish critical fires. For absorption exclusively the kinetic energy is relevant not the intensity of radiated particles.

C5.10 Light Mill verifies that emitted Photons can cause Cooling

When the bulb of light mill is surrounded by cold water, the water emits infrared-photons which are colder than the vanes.

It is very logical that Infrared-photons with lower kinetic energy than the matter surrounded by omnipresent photons causes cooling down of the matter by absorption of these colder photons. This is a generally valid physical rule.

This is the scientifically correct explanation why the light mill rotates by absorption of colder infrared-photons to the opposite direction, which means the repulsion at the silver sides is stronger than the repulsion on the cooler black sides. Also here the silver sides absorb much less IR-photons than black sides, so that there is no relevant cooling.

C6 Errors and Reality about Transfers of Heat

C6.1 Basic Misunderstanding of Heat Transfers

In order to understand thermodynamics and to explain climate changes it is essential to explain transfers of heat.

Basic wrong understanding is caused by not being aware that heat and also energy are just properties of matter and that a property can’t be physically transferred as a property can’t change its position. A property can only change its value. Thus the major task in physics would have been, to find out the particles which have the characteristics of different heat.

Thermodynamics can be regarded as synonym for heat transfers, which are changes of values of thermal energy of omnipresent photons.

Physicist have already detected the particles in space are photons and measured their kinetic energies which refer to a temperature of 3 Kelvin. Although the measured particles clearly showed to be omnipresent, this important detection was not used to correct the physically impossible theories of thermodynamics but to do a fake-verification of the physical impossible theory of generation of the universe. In order to support this they did not use the term 3-Kelvin-photons any more but instead a term which has not any scientific meaning except to prevent that people get knowledge about reality: they called the omnipresent photons “Cosmic Background Radiation”. It is stated that all photons are remnants from the first radiation that occurred in universe. Very clear is that the first radiation was generated by the first generated stars. But “uncountable” stars were generated after the first stars. So there have to be remnant photons which have all kind of higher energies because these experienced less energy reduction by less cosmic inflation. This means that the theory of cosmic inflation is refuted by cosmic microwave background. This is conform to the observation, that CMB energy is constant since detection of CMB.

A physically impossible theory which physicists themselves have refuted by their excellent experimental research should be eliminated.

C6.2 General Rules for Omnipresent Photons and Heat Transfers

* Like all particles also omnipresent photons are defined by the only observable properties which are relative position and relative kinetic energy.

* Heat refers to the kinetic energies of omnipresent photons and in order to transfer heat the positions of omnipresent photons with a specific level of kinetic energy have to change their positions.

* All heat transfers refer to absorption followed by an emission of infrared-photons.

* All heat transfers can generate cooler temperatures the same way these generate warmer temperatures. Heat transfer is an averaging process of heat.

C6.3 Error and Reality of thermal Radiation

As already mentioned in previous chapter thermal radiation is no transfer of heat from one position to the other. Thermal radiation refers to emitted infrared photons which do not meet the requirement for heat: random movements by collisions. Such photons are no heat, but generate heat, when these are absorbed.

Example: In the surroundings of sun the temperature is just 3 Kelvin.

It is not easy to measure the temperature near sun, because atomic devices mostly absorb radiated infrared photons, by which heat (=omnipresent photons) is generated. But later it is shown that heating of atomic matter near sun can be avoided by an adequate shielding (by absorption) of thermal radiation.

C6.4 Basics of Heat flow

C6.4.1 Definition of Heat Flow

Heat flow is the usual real heat transfer between two objects.

As heat flow is the most common heat transfer it will be handled in detail in C7. The misunderstanding of heat flow is the main cause for the wrong theory of greenhouse effect.

In current physics there is not only the physical impossible statement that heat is radiated from sun to earth (explained in previous chapter C6.3, but there is also the physical impossible statement that heat is radiated from earth surface to space. The second error refers to the fact that the transport of heat to space is correct, but this is not done by radiated photons but by the random movements and reactions of omnipresent photons. The difference is that the earth does not emit high energetic photons, which can penetrate through omnipresent photons. Thus the emitted photons do just Brownian movements all the way to space, which is caused by permanent collisions. By this a heat transfer occurs, which is completely different than assumed.

C6.4.2 The Mechanism of Heat Flow

Heat flow is based on reactions of omnipresent photons which results to transfers of energy between photons by which the energies of interacting omnipresent photons are averaged. The reaction mechanism is following:

* A photon binds to an other photon. This is the case by most collisions as each photon has three symmetric bonding positions. By a mutual bonding a Di-photon is generated.

* A binding is always followed by an adjustment to equal vibration energies.

* By an additional collisions the diphoton mostly decays again to two photons.

* The overall effect is that two photons with different kinetic energies become photons with same kinetic energies.

C6.4.3 Heat Flow explains many Physical Rules and Observations

The mechanism of heat flow explains following physical rules and observations:

* The second law of thermodynamics: heat always flows from a source heat generation to lower heat, which is at the end the space.

* Heat flow is not only a flow from high heat to low heat but at the same time a flow of low heat to high heat.

* the reservoir of low-heat photons (=space) is much larger than any source of heat generation, so this is the determining factor.

* As in the atmosphere there is no relevant heat source, there is nearly constant heat flow (=temperature gradient) between earth ground ans space.

* Heat flow can be slowed down but never stopped.

* A permanent heat flow is only possible when there is a source of permanent heat generation.

C6.4.4 Combination of Heat Flow with other Heat Transfers

The combination with heat conductivity is explained in chapter of heat conductivity (next chapter).

Usually there is also a combination with heat radiation: Often an emission of generated photons starts with radiation, because there is sufficiently high difference of kinetic energies, but when the absorbing matter is not far away from source of heat generation, the kinetic energies of omnipresent photons between source and absorbing matter increase which can result that the radiation changes to a heat flow.

This process is strongly supported by air molecules, which also increase the heat between emitter and a solid absorber of heat.

C6.5 Errors and Reality about Heat Conductivity

C6.5.1 General Description of Heat Conductivity

Heat conductivity is also called thermal conductivity. Heat conductivity is no conduction of heat. It is the generation of heat (= emission of heat) along the shape of a body. Heat conductivity refers exclusively to solid bodies. Heat conductivity is the fastest (apparent) heat transfer.

C6.5.2 Explanation of Heat Conductivity

There is following mechanism for heat conductivity:

* A body absorbs on specific position infrared photons from a permanent heat source. By this the new bonds experience a higher vibration energy.

* By the increased vibration energies at this position bond s break and thus infrared photons are emitted, which is equivalent to generation of heat.

* A binding is followed by the averaging of vibration energies, which occurs very quickly. Thus also the neighbored positions emit omnipresent infrared photons with increased energies (= heat).

* This process continues all the way where the solid body has neighbored bonds, which means bonds to same nucleus.

C6.5.3 The Knowledge by different Values of Heat Conductivity

Values for different bound atoms or molecules of solid bodies have been measured. Materials with the highest conductivity consists of atomic matter with the most attached bonds without interruptions. Materials, which have a high order of atoms have mostly the highest conductivity. At the end of neighbored bonds the heat transfer is slowed down because the neighbored region requires heat flow (= absorption of emitted IR photons), which takes significantly longer than the adjustments of vibration energies. Heat transfer in liquid samples mostly occur by absorption – emission process (heat flow), but also a little part by adjustment of vibration energy of bonds.

Polymers have a low heat conductivity, which is caused by the fact that between the bound polymer particles there are no bonds.

C6.5.4 The fastest Heat Transfer

The statement that fastest heat transfer is done by adjustments of vibration energies of bondings is verified by the matter which has nearly an immediate heat conductivity: super-fluids.

Super-fluids are characterized by bing completely bound in a tight plane, whih explains their nearly immediate heat transfer. By the missing third dimension of bonds, the heat conductivity has no losses by transfers to the third dimension. By SURe- New Physics the structures of super-fluide atoms are known, which explain why these are super-fluids.

C6.5.5 Explanation of decreased Heat Conductivity by Temperature

By increasing temperatures the number of bonds decrease and th decreasing number of bonds cause decrease of heat conductivity. Explanation by current physics by vibration is wrong.

C6.5.6 The correlation between thermal and electric conductivity

Particular for metals there is a correlation between thermal and electric conductivity. This is caused by the fact that both characteristics are supported by a high order of atoms un a plane structure, although the reason is different. Electrons use the free room between ordered levels of atoms for optimum propagation whereas propagation of heat is favored by the ordered bonds in a plane structure. By temperature increase and the corresponding breaks o bonds the ordered structure gets worse.

The theory that electric or heat conductivity is hindered by vibration is no reality, because the only physical possible vibration is the stretching vibration of bonds, which do not exist in the “propagation channel” of electrons. The channels work like a pipe for electrons. This means electrons follow without losses of kinetic energy any curvatures because of reflections of bound atoms. On the surface of bodies the bonds of the bound photons are always parallel to the surface. This is also valid for power cables, even when these are bent. By this also the conducting chanals have same curvature.

Reflection is done because there are no bonding positions rectangular to bound layers of atoms. Without reflections electrons would leave the power line.

C6.5.7 The Anisotropy of thermal and electrical Conductivity

Anisotropy means the directional dependence. The anisotropy of thermal and electrical conductivity verifies above statements. In other words, by the knowledge of the reality of thermal and electric conductance, you have the knowledge that these characteristics are anisotropic in solids with ordered atomic structures and isotropic in solids with disordered structures and in liquids.

C6.5.8 Insulation against Heat Conduction

By knowing the reality of heat conductance, one knows how to reduce heat conductance: By generation of many surface areas in solid materials. Surface areas have two effects:

* Stop thermal conduction, which always works by attached bonds.

* Keep heat in the solid matter because of conducting heat around the surface of solid units.

This explains also why multiple layers (for example clothings) have a stronger potential for heat insulation than one thicker layer.

C6.6 Transfer of Heat by Convection

C6.6.1 General Definition of Convection

Convection is defined as movement of high number of molecules by natural forces to regions where there are molecules with different average kinetic energy (=temperature) temperature.

Heat convection is defined as movement of high number of omnipresent photons to regions where there are omnipresent photons with different average kinetic energy (=temperature) temperature.

C6.6.2 Heat Convection is not done by Gas Molecules

As gas molecules are no heat these can’t directly transfer heat. But by convection of gas molecules these after the convection can reduce or generate heat by emitting photons which have different kinetic energies than surrounded photons. After emission of photons an averaging process by absorption and emission occurs (see chapter about heat flow).

When fluids and solids move to another position there might be limited inclusions of separate photons.

C6.6.3 Real Greenhouses work by Prevention of Convection

The term greenhouse-effect is currently wrongly used to manipulate the general public to belief that a heating effect by absorption exist. When someone is a good natural scientist he knows that the heat increase in a greenhouse exclusively occurs by prevention of convection. By this the use of the term is a conscious manipulation of general public.

A scientifically term for CO2 would be parasol-effect, because absorption of heat in atmosphere is a strong cooling effect on climate.

As there is not any scientific proof that CO2 causes climate warming, physicist can only work with wrong terms to manipulate general public to believe in a statement which is not only physically impossible but is opposite to reality.

C6.6.4 Refutation of Greenhouse-Effect by a Greenhouse

Glassy materials can have strong differences of their potential for absorption of infrared photons (=heat).

When for a greenhouse glass is used with a high heat potential

* by sun shine the temperature increase is much smaller than by not absorbing glass

* at night the somewhat stronger temperature decrease is not relevant for the total heat (temperature) in the greenhouse.

C6.6.5 Using knowledge of reality of Absorption to save Costs

Engineers seem to be the only scientists, who know the physical reality about the subject they are doing research, because their research is based on observations and everything what engineers observe by tests is reality. Engineers do not propose to build windows out of glass with a high potential for heat absorption, although according to current theory this should save much costs for heating by the slogan, heat comes in but does not go out. Probably engineers have tested this and got the knowledge that such window glasses cause significantly higher costs for heating. Unfortunately engineers dared not to propose to construct such windows for tropical regions because this would save much money for running cooling machines.

There is following mechanism for heat conductance in a bound particle:

* The particle absorbs a photon or another particle on one end which generates a bond with a different vibtartin vibration so that the vibratin It is caused by the averaging of all vibration energies of electron bonds, after one bond gets a and is a relatively fast process. Additional information is presented in chapter C6.3.

Conductivity is explained in Atomic bondings consits mainly out of photon chains which emit bound single photons on sides of chain when the vibration gets stronger. In metallic bodies there are mostly bonds to all 3 dimensions which causes quick heat losses without further heat transfer to a part of the metallic body.

Atomic matter which is bound just in two dimensions the conductivity is much quicker. Such bonds are very rare and refers to super- conductivity of liquid helium.

C7 The sever Error of Heat transfer concerning Climate Change

C7.1 The Error of Heat Radiation from Earth to Space

As physicist have not detected a relevant increase of heat input of sun to earth, they concluded that there has to be a reduction of heat radiation from earth to space. In principle the idea was not bad. But the determination of the required data to verify the expected discrepance of heat radiation can be regarded as summit of outrages antiscience in Physics.The corresponding data were

As there erroneous theory concerning climate change is that it There is an climate change is thinkinhg of earth emits lots of infrared photons, but as the temperature difference between earth ground and surrounded air is very small, the emitted photons do not radiate, which means cannot penetrate through omnipresent photons. Instead the omnipresent do random movements by permanent collisions. By the collisions the photons do permanent mutual bindings and decays like it is described for heat flow in chapter C6.2. It is nearly impossible to do useful measurements for heat flow. The reasons are:

* It is only possible to measure relative heat flows. This might be done by measuring temperatures at two specific defferent altitudes measure useful Heat flow can only be measured as relative property which would need to meausure temperarures at two specific altitudes, are permanently are bound (absorbed) and re-emitted by one of the next collisions to an omnipresent photon. The average free travel length between collisions is much below 0.1 mm. By the permanent collision the photons do random movements. There is just a very slow propagation to space which is caused by the concentration gradient. so that the propagation of heat has a slow velocity. This process of heat is called heat flow

Nearly all heat generations on earth are transferred at least after some time by heat flow, as by heat absorption by air molecules strong heat differences along the propagation way are eliminated. Heat flow occurs all the way between earth surface (about 288K) and space (3K) over a nearly constant temperature gradient, which is known by measurements in troposphere.

There is a separate chapter which explains the current wrong temperatures above troposphere.

Nearly complete heat on earth surface has been generated by Sun. Therefore the generated heat by sun shine determines climate on earth. The flow of heat from earth to space has a very limited influence on weather but not on global climate. This is an important knowledge concerning climate change.

C7.2 Heat Flow refutes the Greenhouse theory

As there is no thermal radiation from earth to space it is impossible to measure the radiation of heat by a satellite from space. All measured data by satellite do not refer to heat. Most signals refer to neutrinos.

As there is no thermal radiation to molecules in atmosphere, there is no back radiation.

Back-radiation of heat from atmosphere to earth ground is physically impossible science fiction!

Nearly complete heat on earth surface has been generated by Sun. Heat can only flow to space when heat has been generated on earth by Sun. Thus the sun is clearly the major determining factor for climate. The flow of heat from earth to space has some influence on weather because of slowing down by clouds but no significant influence on global climate on earth. This is an important knowledge concerning climate change.

C7.3 The wrong Correlation of emitted Heat versus Temperatur

C7.3.1 Stefan-Boltzmann Rule: The Disregard of Scientific Work

1879 J. Stefan did experimental tests by measuring the flux of radiation of metallic samples at different temperatures. He was not aware of the fact that the measured heat radiation goes to zero by reducing the temperature of the emitted device to the temperature of the detector. Thus the measured correlation to the temperature of the emitter does not make sense.

In addition in order to measure the flux of radiation energy the temperature increase by time has to be measured. For many detectors this is not the case.

When someone would have done scientific research, he would have done the measurements by different temperatures of surroundings, different gases in the surrounding, different masses of samples, different radiation sensors and different ranges of temperatures. By this he would have got the knowledge that there are totally different correlations. By the limited measurements Stefan found a correlation to the 4th power of the emission temperature. This correlation just suits to a single condition, but is not generally valid. A generally valid formula would require to cool the detector to zero temperature.

It might also be possible to get a meaningful correlation by measuring the radiated flux against a temperature difference.

C7.3.2 Nonsensical Formula was explained by Thermodynamics

1884 Boltzmann derived the nonsensical formula by statements of thermodynamics. This clearly shows how the unclear and wrong statements of thermodynamics can be modified to be conform to anything you want. In addition Boltzmann did wrong conclusions, interpretations and wrong mathematics.

C7.3.3 Absurd results of calculated radiation

By using the fake formula for calculations the physically impossible results should have been recognized to be wrong. Particular this is the case for the calculated value of radiation from earth, which is used to manipulate the general public to believe in the absurd green-house theory in form of a heat balance of earth. According to this value the earth radiates more than two times more heat to space than heat is received from sun. Reliable measurements of relative radiation intensities of heat can be done be our skin. Thus we should feel much more heat from earth than from sun.

How can scientist present these absurd data in physics book which are used for teaching? This is the summit of outrages antiscience.

C7.3.4 The reality of Measurements of Heat Flow

Measurements of heat flow can only be done relative by using a standard procedure, so that identical conditions are compared. Heat flow depends on material. Heat flow has alreaday been measured by specific conductivity.

Heat flow shows in principle same dependeny to temperature than thermal radiation, except that it is slower. Heat flow verifies that the heat transfer from emitter to absorber depends on temperature difference, and that the flow is zero when there is no temperature difference.

C7.4 Error and Reality of Energy Balance of Earth

C7.4.1 The Impossibility to budget Energy of Earth

See Earth's energy budget - Wikipedia :

The apparent energetic imbalance is described by the well known diagram which is shown in the reference above. The diagram with data, by which the balance between emitted and received energy of Earth is described is pure pseudoscience, which has the only aim to manipulate the general public to believe in the absurd greenhouse theory. The diagram works with following major fakes, errors and impossibilities which violate natural laws. (There are many more basic errors than listed).

* Energy balance is mostly opposite to heat balance. But it is stated that the calculated energy difference is equivalent to heat balance. So there is not any meaningfulness of result.

* Stars and planets generate a lot of infrarot photons in core by nuclear fusion, which are omnipresent photons (heat), which are emitted. Without theses the celestial bodies would exert no gravitation. Thus the emitted heat should be much higher than the received. This would result to cooling.

* It is not possible to determine the number of emitted IR-photons out of earth, which makes it impossible to define the emitted heat.

* Also the emitted number and kinetic energy of emitted visible photons cannot be determined

* The high energetic photons from UV to gamma photons from sun are not included in energy balance.

* The used Stefan-Boltzmann formula is definitively wrong.

* The used value for back radiation is antiscience. Back radiation is physically impossible.

* If there would be calculated an imbalance of heat, the accuracies of single data would be much worse than stated, so that the overall accuracy of the difference ranges from strongly positive to strongly negative.

* Radiation energy is kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is no energy which can be balanced, as kinetic energy can be generated and consumed. The law of energy conservation is not valid for kinetic energy.

C7.4.2 The positive Issue of the Data of Energy Balance of Earth

There are also reliable data in this diagram, which are at the same time the most valuable data. These is the reduction of photons by absorption and reflection. Whereas reflection mainly refers to visible photon, absorption refers mainly to infrared -photons. Overall it can be estimated that at more than 30% of heat is absorbed by gas molecules, clouds and aerosols. Reflection and scattering refers mainly to visible photons. It has to be considered that most of heat absorption is not measured by current method, so the more exact value has still to be determined. But this shows that this is the main factor for cooling of earth.

Overall data for emission of heat by earth are currently mot available, but are also not relevant, because these do not have a relevant effect on climate. Instead most accurate control of climate data are the created heat on earth by radiation per second and area. This has to be done by a suitable method, which is the heating up of a water sample by a specific time. This would be much more accurate to control global warming better than current measurements, which are not very meaningful. These have to be differentiated between heat and energy. The diagram of energy balance of earth, shows an

C7.5 Error and Reality of Reducing Heat Flow by thermal Insulation

C7.5.1 Potential of Heat Flow is measured by specific Heat Conductivity

(later)

C7.5.2 Bondings determine Heat Flow of Solids

The fastest heat conductivity occurs when matter has straight bondings between atoms. This explains why metals have by attached bondings in a matter row,

…Later

C7.5.3 The severe error that Vacuum has zero Conductivity

In current physics it is stated that in vacuum no heat can be conducted. It is extremely obvious that this is a conscious lie. All experimental tests prove that there heat can be conducted in vacuum. If there would be no heat conductivity in vacuum, the surface of moon would never cool down.

It would be very easy to capture heat in a bottle for long time. All physicists know that it is physically impossible to capture heat.

The only reason, why physicists don’t tell the truth is that they don’t want to admit that there that there is still absurd nonsense written in a book of physics. Physicists already know that there is no real vacuum, but that the vacuum is full of particles. But another issue physicist have to admit is that all particles

C7.5.4 Heat Flow Insulation by Reflectance

Heat transfer between two surfaces is strongly reduced, when the surfaces is covered by a reflecting material. By reflection of IR-photons and atomic particles there are less possibilities for taking over heat from a hot surface and release the heat by absorption on a cold surface again, which is the effect of insulation- bottles.

Heat transfer can occur by movements of gas molecules which take up heat on a hot surface and release the heat at a cold surface.

a) This explains why vacuum has a low conductivity.

b)

number of surfaces, which omnipresent photons have to traverse. This is caused mainly by the fact that IR- photons are reflected by surfaces. This is the main effect of insulating material.

C7.6 Explanations of Changes of Heat

The best way to compare amounts of generated or transferred heat might be to refer this to the change of heat of a specific volume and mass of matter like water.

Nearly all thermodynamic properties, formulas and data don’t make sense and/or have no physical meaning . These should be eliminated.

All changes of heat are caused by chemical reactions, by which number of bound photons changes. This means either omnipresent photons are bound or emitted. Binding of photons mostly causes cooling (negative heating), emissions of photons mostly causes heating.

C8 The physically impossible Theories about Vibration

C8.1 Statements about Climate without any scientific Basis

Current „greenhouse“ theory of CO2 is based on an extreme absorption potential, which CO2 shall have because of many possibilities to change its vibration mode.

The reality is that unfortunately CO2 has not an extreme strong absorption potential. Otherwise the cooling effect on climate by CO2 would be much stronger.

Extremely unscientific is to make statements about vibration of molecules without explaining how vibrations occur.

In order to talk about vibrations in such an important issue like climate it is grossly negligent when scientist use a physically impossible argumentation for this.

Basic knowledge is that for the occurrence of vibrations several forces are required to explain the two opposite acceleration and the activation of a vibration. A suitable example is the vibration of a coil spring. The activation of an interaction is always done by the kinetic energy of the collision to anorther body. This is again an example which shows that the theory that photons can also be electromagnetic waves is completely non-sense.

An unsolvable problem for current physics is to define the alternating forces, which exert the atoms of to do the alternating movements. The only existing force which causes acceleration has not been detected till now in physics. Normally physicists therefore had to invent new forces when a specific force is needed, but in this case physicists did not do this because of the theory that there are „only“ four basic forces. So there is just an unexplained observation, which is physically impossible by current theories.

Another wrong thinking, which is contrary to observation is that there are multiple vibration modes. By comparison to a coil spring and by logical thinking, it should be clear that only a symmetric. All other vibration modes would need a fixing point to a stable position, which is not available.

Another requirement for a vibration is that there is a flexible rigid connection between atoms, which is not fulfilled in current physics.

C8.2 The first real description and explanation of vibration

Overall exclusively SURe- New Physics meets all requirements which are needed for atomic vibrations in a molecule and of vibrations of all particles:

* The force to be accelerated to the position of lowest spin energy in a bound particle.

* The force to maintain kinetic energy as long as possible.

* No forces which cause damping of vibrations.

* Changes of vibration (magnitude and/or direction) are done by a collision to another particle.

* Change of vibration causes change of movement. Movement is changed in a way so that vibration get symmetric again after collision.

Overall conclusions:

* There is just one single vibration mode of each particle: The symmetric stretching vibration to a common center.

* Absorption potential has nothing to do with vibration

* Absorption potential does not differ significantly by type of molecule but of number of molecules.

* Cooling potential of CO2 is significant because of significant growth increase of plants and thus by increased evaporation and absorption by moisture.

C78.3 The wrong Criteria of Heat by Vibration

A statement of current physics is that temperature and thermal energy correlates to strength of vibrations of particles.

It is strange that physicists talk about vibrations of particles although they have not any idea how particles can vibrate. Vibrations requires forces which accelerates a particle to alternating to opposite sides and in between a position without forces. This can be done for example by a coil spring, when there is an activation. By Weltformel this is clearly fulfilled by a bonding which is activated by a collisionof two particles. In current physics most bodings occur by attraction of charges. But charges have no physical meaning and in addition explain no repulsion.

There are also no explanation of modes different to symmetrical stretching vibration. These require a fixed point to a third object, which is not available.

The multiple vibration modes are the major basis for CO2 causing strong absorption and by this the warming effect, which is does not make sense.

C2.7 The scientific Zero Point of Heat

By the definition of heat the zero point of kinetic energy is clearly determined and by this the temperature at this point. Omnipresent photons have no kinetic energy, when these are completely bound to a solid, which is equivalent to be frozen. This occurs at about 2.7 Kelvin. Black holes consist of frozen photons and explain the stabilization of the temperature of space at 2.7 K.

But there might be for short time colder temperatures by undercooling, so that the scale of Kelvin can be used by knowing that temperatures below 2.7 K cannot be measured, because calibration is not possible.

In order to understand climate change it is essential to understand absorption. Absorption is one of the most

C9 Incorrect Measurements of Temperature

C9.1 The scientific Zero Point of Heat

By the definition of heat the zero point of kinetic energy is clearly determined and by this the temperature at this point. Omnipresent photons have no kinetic energy, when these are completely bound to a solid, which is equivalent to be frozen. This occurs at about 2.7 Kelvin. Black holes consist of frozen photons and explain the stabilization of the temperature of space at 2.7 K.

But there might be for short time colder temperatures by undercooling, so that the scale of Kelvin can be used by knowing that temperatures below 2.7 K cannot be measured, because calibration is not possible.

C9.2 The wrong direct Measurement of Temperatures by CMB

All observations and measurements in universe refer to the impacts of colliding particles which depend on the kinetic energy of collisions. The impacts of omnipresent photons are difficult to measure. As there is a high and unknown number of photons which collide at the same time, it is not possible to calculate an average kinetic energy. In addition there are no easy analytical methods for measurements.

This problem can be solved by neutrinos (=electron-pairs) which have a much lower concentration as photons and are generated by collisions of omnipresent photons:

Thus electrons accompany photons by a ratio which is probably below 0,00001 % of photons.

Electron-pairs are perfectly suitable for measurements of kinetic energies, because these decay to 2 electrons by collisions to metal and thus to electric current. This unique characteristics is used for data transfer through atmosphere and space (see next chapter).

The Measurements of the kinetic energies of omnipresent electron-pairs were done by chance and were misinterpreted to be relic photons from times shortly after generation of the universe.

As Physicists were not aware of measuring the kinetic energies of omnipresent electron-pairs they wrongly assumed that the kinetic energies refer to thermic radiation of photons at a temperature of 3 Kelvin. In some cases they used the term 3-Kelvin-photons fot the photons, but mostlx they used the term “ Cosmiv Microwave Background, which makes no sense at all. Later physicists realized that they measure no photons but electron-pairs (=electron-neutrinos) and thus called the same finding Cosmic-Neutrino-Background. To cover their earlier error up they assigned lower temperatures to these, and stated that neutrinos have been generated very shortly after generation of universe, (which is reality).

Overall photons fulfill the requirement for thermal energy, heat and temperature of being vibrating and colliding particles , but of course are no atomic particles. The kinetic energies of all other vibrating and colliding particles do not refer to heat, thermal energy and temperature.

Comment: As the measured energies of 3-K-photons are nearly the same in all directions, these have to be omnipresent with random movements. Radiated energy can be excluded.

C9.3 Scientific Measurement of Heat

Measurement of heat can just be done indirectly by a property which is in a certain range directly or inversely proportional to heat. Such a property is volume increase of a gas or liquid, by electric conductivity of a metallic conductor or by a bi-metal.

Also the human skin is sensitive for kinetic energies of omnipresent photons, because biological reactions depend on heat.

A measurement without contact the calibration is restricted to specific cases like for IR or NIR measurements of surfaces. These are done by detectors of radio-signals, which refer to kinetic energies of emitted electron-pairs. Kinetic energies of electron-pairs are no heat, but there is a correlation of emitted electron-pairs from surfaces to heat of surfaces. Thus by calibrations of radio- detectors temperature measurements are possible.

Emitted omnipresent photons nearly always have a very short distance of millimeter range until being absorbed and reemitted with lower energies.

C9.4 The incorrect Temperatures of Atmosphere

To control climate changes and to determine the cause for climate changes it is essential to do correct measurements of temperatures. Formerly nearly all measured temperatures were valid. By the wrong understanding of heat there are currently wrong measurements of temperature.

One example are the temperatures of atmosphere. Correct measurements with calibrated contact thermometers were done in the lower atmosphere called troposphere. By these measurements physicists got the knowledge that the temperature of atmosphere decreases on average by 6,5 K per 1000 m. At – 80 °C physicists stop real measurements and go over to non-calibrated measurements based on science- fiction. The wrong temperature data show an increase by increasing distance to earth ground, which is physically impossible. The change of measurement method was notified by creation of new layers of atmosphere, which got the term tropopause as transition layer to stratosphere. The main physical effect in atmosphere by increasing distance to earth surface is the decreasing density of matter. The gradient of decrease of density is linear and not much different to decrease of heat over complete atmosphere. Based on this there is no reason and sense for the current separation of atmosphere to different layers. By using the same measurement method like for troposphere it would have been realized that the found temperature reduction continuous til space temperature of 2,7 K. A valid temperature measurement has to be done by a calibrated contact thermometer. Up to -200 °C would be possible by current resistance thermometers. Of course it would be no problem to construct such thermometers which are valid up to -270 °C.

So it is no reason, why physicists have chosen a measurement technique without a valid calibration.

C29.5 The Temperatures of Atmosphere violate physical Rules

Also without additional measurement it is known by physical rules that measurements above troposphere reduce by distance to surface of earth. According to the second law of thermodynamics there has to be a continuous flow of heat from the warm surface (about 288 K) to the space, which is 2,7 K. So physicists should have recognized that the stated measurements of increasing temperatures are physically impossible and caused by a wrong measurement (see next chapter). If the higher temperatures would be reality there would be flow of heat from upper atmospheric heights to earth ground. And when the temperature in the atmosphere is not going down, there has to be a continuous flow of heat from atmosphere to earth ground, which is multiple times stronger than the heat, which is received from sun to earth. The heating of gas molecules of atmosphere by sun is observed by the real measurements in atmosphere: In 10 km height the temperature is heated from 2,7K to about 218 K which is -55°C. Most of heating of sun is done indirectly by heating the earth surface and heat flow to space.

C9.6 The basic Error of Correlation of Heat to Energy

Nearly all wrong temperatures are based on the contradicted theory that the temperature correlates to energies of emitted photons.

So physicists made many anti-scientific statements about temperatures because they do not believe in the clear observation that the kinetic energies of photons clearly increase in the row IR < visible < UV < X+ray < gamma-ray. Omnipresent photons are the photons with lowest kinetic energy of all photons. Microwave particles are no photons but electron-pairs, which have even lower kinetic energies as these have a mass which is about 1/3 of the mass of a photon.

Heat is generated when the average kinetic energy oe a group of colliding IR-photons are increased. If photons with higher kinetic energies are generated these do no collisions to omnipresent photons bur penetrate these and thus atre not able to increase heat.

This is also the reason, why there is not any increase of heat in upper atmospheric heights where ozone is generated. It is only a unreal theory that by generation of ozone heat is generated. This theory is even antiscience, as it is falsified by valid temperature measurements.

Scientific description and explanation of generation of ozone:

All processes, where particles are emitted or absorbed are chemical reactions. Thus the basic research of scientists is to define the reaction equations concerning ozone.

It is well known that oxygen and ozone react in a way so that emitted UV-A-photons from sun are absorbed. This is again an example for the known physical reality that absorption prevents that photons hit the earth surface, which is the same process which causes the less IR-photons reaches the earth surface by absorption, which results to climate cooling.

The reaction of molecules with photons has even got a special term called photolysis. The term already expresses that the collision of high-energetic photons to molecules causes a break of bonding and thus a decay reaction.

Overall there are following steps of reactions:

1. Photolysis by absorption of UV-photon:

UV-C-photon + O=O ↔ 2 O-photon (= O-radicals)

2. Bonding by emission of blue photon:

O + O=O ↔ O=O-O + blue photon

Remark: the blue color of the sky is clearly caused by generation of blue photons and not by scattering, which generate red colors.

3. Decay of very few blue photons by collisions:

blue photon ↔ 2 electron-pairs

As there are no generated IR-photons there is no generation of heat by interactions of ozone. The measured electron-pairs don’t refer to any heat.

A correlation to heat is impossible. There might be an increase of radio-signals by increase of intensities (=number) of emitted electron pairs or an increase of energies by UV-C photons which influence energies of electron- pairs.

C2.4 Incredible Fake - Measurements of Temperatures from Satellite

It is incredible that the only “verification” of greenhouse effect, which is stated by physicists, are three infrared-spectra, which were recorded in 1969 from Nimbus-3 satellite a) over Sahara, b) over mediterranian and c) over ant-arctic. These were the first and at the same time the last infrared- spectra from radiation of surface of earth.

The statement that these spectra are a verification of the green-house effect can be regarded as an outrages fraud against science and mankind. It is a main factor that the general public was manipulated to believe in the absurd green-house effect. Even if there would be any peak, which would refer to radiated heat from earth, this would not be a verification of the greenhouse effect. Experts of spectroscopy would immediately be aware of the fact that these Reality is that there is not any peak which refer to heat. Experts of spectroscopy are aware by a short look to the spectra that thes have nothing to to with heat. Today no scientists would dare anymore to state that these spectra refer to radiation (= emitted photons) from earth surface. If this would be reality there would have been surely additional measurements in the last 45 years. The non-recording of further spectroscopic measurements is a prove that the only verification of greenhouse effect is a disastrous fake.

C2.5 Heat of Earth Ground can’t be measured over Distance

It is physically impossible to measure temperatures of earth ground and atmosphere from distance.

The reasons for this are:

* Emitted photons from earth ground have such a low kinetic energy that these can’t penetrate omnipresent photons, but are absorbed by these after few micro-meters.

* Even a calibration by emitted electron-pairs is not possible, as electron -pairs emitted by omnipresent photons have also low energies which are further reduced or absorbed by collisions over long distances.

* Emitted high energetic photons and electron-pairs from specific reactions can be measured but do not correlate to temperature of earth ground or atmosphere.

* Overall measurements of temperatures of earth ground or atmosphere from distance are not possible.

Currently satellites measure signals, which are specific kinetic energies of emitted electron-pairs and try to correlate these to known real temperature data by a mathematical adjustment. The only published data I have seen are changes of yearly average temperatures, which have a relative strong variance. When these data would refer to real temperatures these should have an extreme low variance which would be the advantage of measurements from satellite. The adjustment formula is adjusted every few years. Thus the published temperature trend by data of satellite show the real increase of temperatures with time. This surely would be not the case without the adjustments of adjustment formula.

It is extreme antiscience that by such manipulation of random data it is stated that also by satellite the global warming is verified.

These fake measurements are expensive and do not make any sense, because there are so many observations of global warming that it can be regarded as sure. Additionally it would be extremely unusual and unreliable when there would be no change of global climate, which naturally occurs since existence of earth.

C2.6 Control of climate change has to be simplified and improved

Currently measured data have a too large variance and are much to many to achieve a useful global climate control.

Proposal for an improved and simplified global climate control are following properties:

* Real average temperature of atmosphere at about 9000 m height, which can be automatically recorded during normal flights.

* Real temperatures of sea water about 60 cm and 120 cm below surface. Might be that 40 global measurement stations at suitable positions are sufficient for detection of global climate change

* Cloud coverage, which can be done by satellites.

C3.2 The wrong Understanding of received Heat from Sun

The received heat on earth from sun is the main factor for global climate and global climate change. Therefore there has to be a good understanding about how the sun causes heat on earth.

The main wrong interpretation and thus understanding is that heat is transferred from sun to earth. This is physically impossible, because the sun is much colder than earth. The temperatures are below 15 K in core of sun and about 2,7 K in surrounding of sun. So no heat can be transferred.

SURe is that the heat is generated on earth by emitted IR-photons from sun by following process:

* The emitted IR-photons are absorbed by atomic matter.

* The vibration energies of other bound photons are increased by averaging process.

* The photon- bondings with lowest stability break and are emitted.

* The emitted photons have nearly almost somewhat higher kinetic energies than omnipresent photons.

* As theses do not have such a high energy that these penetrate omnipresent photons, they are incorporated process of random movements and collisions of omnipresent photons but increase the average kinetic energy.

* This process is equivalent to generation of heat.

C3.3 The wrong Understanding of Conservation of Energy and Heat

Above described process of heat generation is generally valid. It shows that heat generation is a real generation process, because before there was less heat in universe.

Thus heat is not involved in principle of conservation of energy. Also other “usual” kinetic energies of bodies are not involved in energy conservation. Because these kinetic energies are relative these have no determined absolute values.

Energy conservation refers to the only existing absolute kinetic energies, which are called vibration energies and spin energies and refer to electrons. These are at the same time inertial energies which means that these have no direct impact to other bodies.

Current definition of internal energy makes no sense at all. The statement that heat and work can change inertial energy and that there is a general correlation between heat and work is pure science fiction. Work is a term, which is completely unnecessary in physics and causes more confusion than knowledge. All interactions in universe can be described and explained by kinetic energies.

C3.4 The unsuitable current Measurement of Heat by Sun

In order to control the main factor for global climate it is essential to measure the generated heat on earth surface by sun. It would also be of high interest to compare the generated heat without atmosphere from satellite and the generated heat with atmosphere on earth ground. The measurement from satellöite shows the variation of climate by interstellar clouds, the second measurement can determine the effect of matter in atmosphere to climate change.

The generated heat in measurement equipment should be as near as possible to conditions of earth surface. The measurement method should measure received heat per time unit (s) and per area unit (m²).

Currently the received heat is measured with an electrical device which is called pyranometer which works by a thermo column.

Following issues create erroneous measurement data:

* The sensor consists of a black colored metal, which is very different than normal earth ground. Black metal probably absorbs photons with higher energy than earth ground, which means contrary to earth ground metals of completely black bodies might generate also heat by visible photons. It is important that all differences are tested. It is essential to do physical research before before making statements.

* If there are differences to natural conditions the difference must be eliminated, for example by a corresponding energetic filter, so that exclusively IR photons are measured.

* The sensor measures a signal which corresponds to temperature (=heat), which is a state of a physical system. But heat generation is a process and it is impossible to measure a process by a value of state. Thus it has to be measured and compared an increase in temperature by time.

Positive issue:

Physicist state openly, that they measure the intensities of energies of emitted photons from sun and not the generated heat per time unit and per area.

* The equipment measures not only photons which are received directly by sun, but also reflected and scattered photons received within an angle of 180 degrees. This causes measuring of heat, which is not originated from sun. For example there is always a random heat flow of omnipresent photons.

C2.2 The Antiscience of measurements of Temperatures in Atmosphere

Tropopause is the limit, where scientific measurements of temperatures go over to physically impossible science-fiction. There are a lot of different theories (science fiction) of temperatures above troposphere. All temperatures which deviates from a nearly constant reduction of temperature are physically impossible and are based on non-calibrated measurement method. The published temperatures are antiscience because real measurements by direct contacts show the real temperature of omnipresent photons. These show a constant reduction of temperatures by increasing distance to earth surface. Possible is the measurement by equipment which is outside a satellite or outside the ISS.

The reality about temperatures in atmosphere are explained in next chapter.

C2 The most severe Errors of Heat

C2.1 The Nonsense of Heat being involved in Energy Conservation

Heat and energy are very different physical issues. There is no specific correlation between heat and energy. Often the correlation is even inverse: When the kinetic energy of an omnipresent photon increases, it is not absorbed any more by omnipresent photons and becomes a radiating photon without increasing heat (= average value of kinetic energies of omnipresent IR-photons).

By increasing collision energies the generated heat might be reduced.

All high energetic photons from sun do not increase the temperature. The measured heat in core of sun is below about 15K and in surrounding of sun 2.7 K despite lots of explosions.

This severe error causes that concerning climate mostly the emitted energy of sun is measured but not the received head from sun.

By the published data of the global heat balance physicists make themselves very unscientific. This clearly shows that all data are faked to achieve the wanted difference to verify climate warming. The reality of climate warming is made to science fiction by such actions of physicists.

C2.2 Physical Work has to be eliminated from Physics

Physical work (W) is no term which can scientifically be defined. The formula W = F (force) * distance (s) is physically impossible non-sense. This is also the case for the unit of work. Both are unexplainable.

It is stated that the sum of heat and work is an internal energy. This shows the wrong understanding of internal energy.

By SURe the only definition of internal energy, which makes sense, is:

Interal energy is the energy which a body has and by which the body has no direct impact to other bodies.

Heat is a kinetic energy, by which a system of physical bodies (here omnipresent photons) has an impact to other bodies. Physical work is an impact which is based on kinetic energy. Kinetic energies are always energies which have an impact to other bodies. So both energies are no internal energies.

The kinetic energy of a single body can not be determined, as this is a relative property.

The only internal energies are spin-energies of electrons and vibration-energies of electron bondings. Total energy of a physical system is sum of spin-energies + sum of vibration energies.

Each particle has one single mode of vibration, which is a symmetrical stretching vibration.

E2.3 The non-understanding that Heat refers to specific Matter

Everything in universe can be described by matter, because all interactions and states refer to matter. Heat refers to omnipresent photons:

Generation of heat means chemical reactions by which omnipresent photons are generated.

Consumption of heat means chemical reactions by which omnipresent photons are bound (=absorbed) and thus are eliminated.

Flow of heat means linear movements of omnipresent photons.

The non-understanding of Generation and Consumption of Heat

Heat is Work Heat does s not correlate to Work has nothing to do with heat

C2.3 The first law of Thermodynamics makes no Sense

Above chapters show that first law of thermodynamics id not valid. Valid rules for thermodynamics are just the rules which are valid for all physical areas : The rules of chemical reactions (kinetics). For thermodynamics even these will not result to a formula for reactions where heat is generated or consumed. Because till now it is not known how many photons are bound or decay from photon chains. This has to be done by empirical measurements. Based on these a list concerning basic reactions can be created.

C2.2 Former Knowledge of Reality of Climate and Thermodynamics

Valuable data are specific heat capacities of different matter. Matter with increase heat capacities on earth store heat by absorption and thus leads to the main effect, that heat is hold on earth surface at night. The seawater on earth has a very strong absorption potential and at the same time a very high heat capacity. By this the huge water areas on earth store heat when the sun shines and emits heat in night. This very important climate effect to reduce extreme high and extreme cold temperatures has been realized by former scientists and has been been cold sea water climate.

The absorption potential of atmosphere has also a strong effect on cooling but as physicist know gas molecules have a low heat capacity. Thus the warming effect is limited by wind near surface which transpots heat from water areas to land areas.

Former physicists were also well aware, that the climate is determined by temperatures near earth ground and not in higher atmosphere. In higher atmosphere the temperature does not change and is much colder than on earth.

On moon the temperatrure range is from 130 °C to -160 without sun. Even if there would be an atmosphere, there are no higher temperatures over water areas, which can be distributed by wind.

Final important knowledge by former observations are the data of heat conductions of different gases. Heat conductance is nearly proportional to masses, number of bound photons and and absorption potential of gases. Thus shows that there are no relevant differences by gas molecules in atmosphere. There is just a correlation to number absorbing molecules. Thus it was known, that main cooling effect is the lenegth of travel path of IR-photons from sun. This is the main effect of cooler temperatures in winter and when there is a relative flat angle of incident of sun beams. odistance which is which was increased by CO2. between s that heat absorption by atmosphere is the main effect of cooling. The absorption

to It is impossible to do WIthout Before any statement statement about climate should only be done without basic knowledge of the basic physical issues like:

Heat, matter of heat, thermal energy, other energies, temperature, generation of heat, transfer of heat, storage of heat, absorption, emission,

It would be no problem, when physics would have not any knowledge about these issues but it is a severe problem, when physics has a wrong knowledge by physically impossible theories, like it is the case and then tries to make statement which is based on physical impossible theories.

C2.2 Reality of Matter

C2.3 Real Definitions of thermodynamics

C2.2 WMATTER

consists of bound spin-energies = bound electrons.

C2.3 Clear basic physical Definitions

ENERGY of a body

is the sum of spin-energies + sum of vibration energies.

KINETIC ENERGY = FORCE of a body (relative and vectorial)

is the potential to transfer maximal the value of all relative kinetic energy of a body to another body by collision.

Both is proportional to mass and velocity of a body.

The Universal FORCE

is the force to be accelerated to position of lowest spin-energies (First Fundamental Law of Nature).

HEAT = THERMAL ENERGIE

is the average kinetic energy of randomly moving omnipresent photons.

TEMPERATURE

is the chosen measurement unit for heat and thermal energy

GENERATION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done by breaks of bondings to photons/particle and the resulting emission of IR-photons/particles, which increase the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons/particles.

CONSUMPTION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done after collisions by absorption of omnipresent photons/particles..

EMISSION

refers to a decay of a particle by collision.

ABSORPTION

refers to binding of colliding particles.

DECAY of a collided particle

results by breaking of a bonding, by which the vibration energy is transferred (50%/50%) to kinetic energy of decay products.

BINDING of a collided particle

is the partial superposition of contrarily rotating electrons

causes that the kinetic energy of the collided particle is transferred to vibration energy of the new particle so that a harmonic stretching vibration is generated.

VIBRATION

refers always to symmetric stretching movements of bonded electrons of a particle..

CHANGE OF VIBRATIONS

causes change of movement of a particle by collision (acceleration).

MOVEMENT, VELOCITY of a body (always relative and a vector)

Can exclusively be described by changed distance per time to another body,

is no property of a body; change of velocity is proportional to change of average vibration energies

MASS

is resistance against acceleration and is proportional to the number of not-decaying bondings of a body.

PRESSURE (of gases)

refers to sum of collision energies (=kinetic energies) of molecules to a surface area.

When I was in school there was still knowledge of climate based on observations, which was taught to pupils and was reality. But currently the reality of observations don’t count anything, pupils have to learn physical impossible science-fiction. I had the luck to be informedabout the real main cause, why it is colder in winter than in summer and colder in the morning and evening than at noon. Currently physicists calculate that on poles in polar summer there must be higher temperatures than in equator regions as the sun shines day and night, which over-compensates the heat losses by angle of incidence. Formerly it was still allowed to tell the reality: Every molecule does absorb heat, by which the corresponding cooling of atmosphere which depends on travel length of photons through atmosphere. It is easy to prove that the cooling effect by increased travel length is stronger than the cooling effect by changed incident angle of photons. The heating up of a body has just to be done by measuring by maintaining the surface of body perpendicular to traveled photons. As far as I know it has already been proved that on moon there the effect of Sun incident concerning heat is much smaller than on earth because of the missing atmosphere.

C2.2 The Error of Absorption

CHANGE OF VIBRATIONS

causes change of movement of a particle by collision (acceleration).

MOVEMENT, VELOCITY of a body (always relative and a vector)

Can exclusively be described by changed distance per time to another body,

is no property of a body; change of velocity is proportional to change of average vibration energies

MASS

is resistance against acceleration and is proportional to the number of not-decaying bondings of a body.

PRESSURE (of gases)

refers to sum of collision energies (=kinetic energies) of molecules to a surface area.

MATTER

consists of bound spin-energies = bound electrons.

ENERGY of a body

is the sum of spin-energies + sum of vibration energies.

KINETIC ENERGY = FORCE of a body (relative and vectorial)

is the potential to transfer maximal the value of all relative kinetic energy of a body to another body by collision.

Both is proportional to mass and velocity of a body.

The Universal FORCE

is the force to be accelerated to position of lowest spin-energies (First Fundamental Law of Nature).

HEAT = THERMAL ENERGIE

is the average kinetic energy of randomly moving omnipresent photons.

TEMPERATURE

is the chosen measurement unit for heat and thermal energy

GENERATION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done by breaks of bondings to photons/particle and the resulting emission of IR-photons/particles, which increase the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons/particles.

CONSUMPTION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done after collisions by absorption of omnipresent photons/particles..

EMISSION

refers to a decay of a particle by collision.

ABSORPTION

refers to binding of colliding particles.

DECAY of a collided particle

results by breaking of a bonding, by which the vibration energy is transferred (50%/50%) to kinetic energy of decay products.

BINDING of a collided particle

is the partial superposition of contrarily rotating electrons

causes that the kinetic energy of the collided particle is transferred to vibration energy of the new particle so that a harmonic stretching vibration is generated.

VIBRATION

refers always to symmetric stretching movements of bonded electrons of a particle..

CHANGE OF VIBRATIONS

causes change of movement of a particle by collision (acceleration).

MOVEMENT, VELOCITY of a body (always relative and a vector)

Can exclusively be described by changed distance per time to another body,

is no property of a body; change of velocity is proportional to change of average vibration energies

MASS

is resistance against acceleration and is proportional to the number of not-decaying bondings of a body.

PRESSURE (of gases)

refers to sum of collision energies (=kinetic energies) of molecules to a surface area.

MATTER

consists of bound spin-energies = bound electrons.

ENERGY of a body

is the sum of spin-energies + sum of vibration energies.

KINETIC ENERGY = FORCE of a body (relative and vectorial)

is the potential to transfer maximal the value of all relative kinetic energy of a body to another body by collision.

Both is proportional to mass and velocity of a body.

The Universal FORCE

is the force to be accelerated to position of lowest spin-energies (First Fundamental Law of Nature).

HEAT = THERMAL ENERGIE

is the average kinetic energy of randomly moving omnipresent photons.

TEMPERATURE

is the chosen measurement unit for heat and thermal energy

GENERATION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done by breaks of bondings to photons/particle and the resulting emission of IR-photons/particles, which increase the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons/particles.

CONSUMPTION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done after collisions by absorption of omnipresent photons/particles..

EMISSION

refers to a decay of a particle by collision.

ABSORPTION

refers to binding of colliding particles.

DECAY of a collided particle

results by breaking of a bonding, by which the vibration energy is transferred (50%/50%) to kinetic energy of decay products.

BINDING of a collided particle

is the partial superposition of contrarily rotating electrons

causes that the kinetic energy of the collided particle is transferred to vibration energy of the new particle so that a harmonic stretching vibration is generated.

VIBRATION

refers always to symmetric stretching movements of bonded electrons of a particle..

CHANGE OF VIBRATIONS

causes change of movement of a particle by collision (acceleration).

MOVEMENT, VELOCITY of a body (always relative and a vector)

Can exclusively be described by changed distance per time to another body,

is no property of a body; change of velocity is proportional to change of average vibration energies

MASS

is resistance against acceleration and is proportional to the number of not-decaying bondings of a body.

PRESSURE (of gases)

refers to sum of collision energies (=kinetic energies) of molecules to a surface area.

MATTER

consists of bound spin-energies = bound electrons.

ENERGY of a body

is the sum of spin-energies + sum of vibration energies.

KINETIC ENERGY = FORCE of a body (relative and vectorial)

is the potential to transfer maximal the value of all relative kinetic energy of a body to another body by collision.

Both is proportional to mass and velocity of a body.

The Universal FORCE

is the force to be accelerated to position of lowest spin-energies (First Fundamental Law of Nature).

HEAT = THERMAL ENERGIE

is the average kinetic energy of randomly moving omnipresent photons.

TEMPERATURE

is the chosen measurement unit for heat and thermal energy

GENERATION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done by breaks of bondings to photons/particle and the resulting emission of IR-photons/particles, which increase the average kinetic energy of omnipresent photons/particles.

CONSUMPTION OF HEAT/ENERGY

is exclusively done after collisions by absorption of omnipresent photons/particles..

EMISSION

refers to a decay of a particle by collision.

ABSORPTION

refers to binding of colliding particles.

DECAY of a collided particle

results by breaking of a bonding, by which the vibration energy is transferred (50%/50%) to kinetic energy of decay products.

BINDING of a collided particle

is the partial superposition of contrarily rotating electrons

causes that the kinetic energy of the collided particle is transferred to vibration energy of the new particle so that a harmonic stretching vibration is generated.

VIBRATION

refers always to symmetric stretching movements of bonded electrons of a particle..

CHANGE OF VIBRATIONS

causes change of movement of a particle by collision (acceleration).

MOVEMENT, VELOCITY of a body (always relative and a vector)

Can exclusively be described by changed distance per time to another body,

is no property of a body; change of velocity is proportional to change of average vibration energies

MASS

is resistance against acceleration and is proportional to the number of not-decaying bondings of a body.

PRESSURE (of gases)

refers to sum of collision energies (=kinetic energies) of molecules to a surface area.

Heat = Thermal energy

Teperature

W9 Vibrations of Particles verify SURe – New Physics

It is very strange that physicist postulate that molecules do vibrations by bonded atoms although they do not explain the forces which maintain vibrations. Vibrations are accelerated movements and physicists are well aware that all accelerated movements require a force. For a vibration two forces in opposite directions are required. Not even a theory about the two forces has been made up. In addition vibrations falsify current theory of bondings by charges. Bondings by charges is already falsified, because nearly all particles do bondings to every other particle, independent from assumed charges.

But charges would also not explain vibrations to directions which are not in bonding direction. Even unsymmetrical vibrations are done according to current physics.

So many additional forces have to be presented and explained. Explanation must be much more than the statement of excitation by physically not existing electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves would also need at least five different forces.

The only physically possible explanation of vibrations of bondings is provided by SURe – New Physics. Vibration is a typical result of the two only Fundamental Laws of Nature.

W10 The Falsification of the Greenhouse Theory

Also when there are more atoms than two, there are just stretching- repulsion vibration towards the center of mass.

Current statement of different vibration modes is physically impossible.

Current greenhouse theory is mainly based on following statements:

1) As CO2 is a molecule which consist of 3 atoms it has many vibration modes.

2) By this it has an extreme high absorption potential for IR-photons which is about 1000 times stronger than two-atomic O2 and N2 .

3) By the extremely high absorption CO2 holds the heat on Earth surface.

4) The increased CO2 concentration since industrialization caused the observed global warming.

The Reality is:

1. As only one vibration mode is physically and mathematically possible, every particle has exactly one vibraion mode: symmetric stretching to common mass center.

2. The absorption potential of heat for gas molecules in atmosphere are given by the relative concentration of mass. Thus CO2 paticipates just by 0,04% to the heat absorption of the atmosphere.

Comment: Educated experts for spectroscopy with many years experience (like me) know that by the usual IR-absorption measurements not any heat absorption is measured. As all gases show nearly the same heat absorption, which are characterized by very broad absorption bands, the heat absorption is uninteresting and is canceled out by using nitrogen as parallel reference. The effect is that spectra show specific peaks and not the general broad bands of heat absorption. The specific peaks show activation energies for specific reactions, but no heat effect..

Thus usual IR-spectra have nothing to do with heat effects!

Comment: Only the old models of IR-spectrometer work with heat sensors. Nearly all IR-spectrometer measure energies of electron-pairs, which are no heat.

o Verification: IR-absorption spectra has nothing to do with heat. But when you measure as well an air sample and a sample with air + 5% CO2 against H2, you will see the broad band of heat absorption and you will see that there is no increase of heat absorption by 5% CO2 in air.

3. There is not anything in atmosphere which can stop the heat flow to space. . Only by the relative high heat capacity of clouds the velocity of heat flow is reduced.

4. When CO2 would have an extreme high absorption effect, there would have been a significant cooling effect on climate in the last decades.

As this is an unambiguous and obvious wrong theory, this is the most severe error of current physics will end in a catastrophic desaster of mankind when physics will not turn to science again and the current, which cause the contrary which shall be achieved are stopped.

W18 The real Climate Catastrophe: No Research

The real catastrophic situation is not the current global warming, but that mankind has zero understanding about climate. It is outrageous that expensive and extensive actions against the physically impossible cause of climate change are done but not any basic scientific research is done to understand climate change.

For example in current physics there are no scientific explanations why in the middle of the day it is warmer than in the morning or evening and there is no scientific explanation why it is warmer in summer than in winter. It is very easy to find out that current main explanation, the angle of sun incidence, is wrong.

The real cause can be determined by temperature sensors rectangular to sun incidence. The main cause is the increase of absorption of IR-photons by extended transition path through atmosphere. This was formerly teaching material in school. But observed reality has been more and more replaced by physical impossible theories. Now a completely fictive and physically impossible theory of absorption has replaced the scientific experiments of former physicists.

The correlation of CO2 increase to warmer climate was at the beginning just an idea of some physicists which should be clarified by research. But media published this idea as a catastrophic reality to general public before any scientific research was done. Physicist had quasi no chance anymore to tell the truth by performed experiments. Thus current physics is done by popular media and not by scientific work.

W20 Why don’t visible photons transfer Heat

A basic error of physicists is that the measured energy from sun refers to heat. Main part of measured energy refers to kinetic energy of visible photons, which don’ generate heat.

By this error the real variation of heat transfer from sun has not been measured up to now.

That visible photons do not transfer heat can easily be measured and is observed daily by LED light.

The reasons for this are:

* Photons with higher energies than IR penetrate the photon chains of atomic matter. Therefore they are not absorbed by photon chains and do not transfer energy to photon chains so that these emit no IR-photons by collisions of high energetic radiated photons.

* Many visible photons are reflected by surfaces. This is the explanation why living beings can detect surfaces by eyes.

* Other visible photons are absorbed by atomic nuclei and their energies are used to activate photolysis reactions. This means photons are bonded and causes a break of bonding which mostly results to decay to a particle other than photon.

The best method to measure exclusively the received heat on earth from sun, is to measure the temperature increase of a specific water sample. By any measurement it is not possible to get absolute values. But relative values are sufficient to detect of more or less heat is received from sun.

W21 SURe- New Physics of Climate Changes

There is just one main source of heat generation on earth. It is the transfer of heat by emitted IR-photons from sun.

Therfore there are just two possibilities for climate changes:

1. The sun emits less IR-photons.

2. Less IR-photons reach the earth surface.

The first possibility can be excluded except the 11 years periodic increase of intensities which are explained in detail in volume “Cosmos”, which will be published later.

Beside this the generation and emission of IR-photons are long-term stabilized by a very effective control mechanism, which will also published later.

Thus all major climate changes of the earth are caused by different intensities of IR-photons arriving on earth ground.

Current theories of changing movements of earth around the sun have an extremely low probability as these require collisions by celestial bodies with high mass. Precession of earth rotation is physically impossible. Physicists know that for precision there has to be a fixed point of one side of rotation axis., where there is an opposite force to gravitation.

Overall nearly all climate changes are caused by changes of heat absorption from sun. Current global warming is with extreme high probability caused by decrease of atomic matter between sun and earth by which heat from sun is less absorbed.

Possible causes for global warming of earth by reduced absorption.

The list is ordered by decreasing quota of warming effect.

1. It is the nature of galaxies, that there are different densities of interstellar clouds of molecules and magnetic fields. These clouds absorb more or less infrared radiation of suns during orbiting around the black hole of a galaxy. When crossing a spiral arm, in which clouds of very high densities are, there is a high probability for the generation of the so called snowball earth. The density of clouds can be measured with relative high accuracy, because the measurement is also done by absorption data. According to NASA currently there is an extraordinaire low densit of absorbing matter..

2. Deforestation in rain-forests which causes less moisture in atmosphere and less cooling by evaporation.

3. Cleaner air, less particular matter

W22 Climate Catastrophe: Mankind fights against Nature

There are lots of mechanisms of nature on earth which all work in favour to living beings. No mechanism has been identified which works as self accelerating interaction against the survival of living beings. If such a mechanisms would exist there would be no living beings on earth.

The main actions of nature which mitigate the consequences of climate changes by slowing these down are:

1) High amounts of ice and water. Both have an extraordinary high heat capacity, particularly for changing states of aggregation. This means water and ice generate heat by climate cooling and both consume heat by climate worming. This temperature mitigating effect works also by day and night and by summer and winter.

2) Increase of sea level is mitigated by Antarctica, because there the increased precipitation by warmer sea- temperature still goes down as snow which will not contribute to sea level increase.

3) All climate changes are mitigated by changing absorption potential of atmosphere by changes of solubility of CO2 in water. This means that CO2 is out-gassing from sea water by higher temperatures and increases the absorption of heat in atmosphere, which increases cooling. Scientists know by ice-core measurements that all last global warming periods were mitigated by the cooling effect of increased CO2 concentration in atmosphere.

4) All climate changes are mitigated by changing absorption potential of atmosphere by changes of moisture in atmosphere by changes of evaporation potential.

5) Increased moisture evaporation is also an additional indirect effect by increased CO2, which is much stronger than the direct cooling effect. It is wll known by nearly everybody that increased CO2 concentration increases nearly proportional plant growth. Increase plant growth cause increased moisture evaporation by plants.

Like a wonder for mankind was, that scientists have not detected the Weltformel more than 70 years earlier, which can be regarded as extremely unlikely. By this they used the very ineffective burning of fossil fuels instead of copying the cheap energy generation analog to sun.

But by this mankind increased the concentration of CO2 in atmosphere, which was needed to avoid severe hunger disasters of the increasing population of earth. It is well known that in all periods of high temperature the population is strongly increasing. The new technologies have supported this.

Despite the wonder of additional increase of CO2 concentration, currently large areas of jungle are converted to farmland to produce crop, which has a strong warming and dryness effect on climate.

In order to prevent a real man-made climate catastrophe in near future by actions which support the catastrophe concerning climate but also concerning health of mankind, it requires that physicists have to accept the reality of the universe as soon as possible.

We have to stop, to do further physical research against the Fundamental Laws of Nature instead by the Fundamental Laws of nature.

the warming up much quicker which would have caused catastrophic effects for mankind.

Thus current actions against CO2 can be called a heavy crime on mankind and a severe action against nature. By the knowledge of the Weltformel and understanding of physics it will get a conscious crime.

W18 The Climate Catastrophe is made by Physics

The real catastrophic situation is that because of the non-understanding concerning climate, complete wrong actions are done.

By knowledge of the Weltformel also the main cause for climate changes is known: It is the nature of the galaxies, which have different densities of interstellar clouds of molecules and magnetic fields. These clouds absorb more or less infrared radiation of suns by orbiting around the black hole of a galaxy. Increased absorbance between sun and earth in all cases cause cooling of climate because less heat arrives at the earth ground. When crossing a spiral arm in which clouds of very high densities are, there is a high probability for the generation of the so called snowball earth. The density of clouds can be measured with relative high accuracy, because the measurement is also done by absorption data. According to NASA currently there is an extraordinaire low density.

There are lots of mechanisms of the nature on our earth which all work in favour to living beings. No mechanism has been identified which works against the survival of living beings. If these mechanisms would exist there would be no living beings on earth. The main actions of nature which mitigate the consequences of climate changes by slowing these down are:

1) High amounts of ice and water. Both have an extraordinary high heat capacity, particularly for changing states of aggregation.

2) Increase of sea level is mitigated by Antarctica, because there the increased precipitation by warmer sea- temperature still goes down as snow which will not contribute to sea level increase.

3) Global warming is mitigated by increased absorption by higher concentration of water vapor in atmosphere.

4) Extremely important is the increase of CO2 in atmosphere by out-gassing from sea waterby increased temperatures. The direct cooling effect of CO2 by absorption is not very strong. Much stronger effect is the increase of plant growth and the cooling increased cooling effect by plants (wood).

5) In the periods of high temperature the population of mankind is strongly increasing. This is also observed in current warm period. If CO2 would not increase and by this the plant growth, severe hunger disasters would occur. In order to meet the need for food, currently large areas of jungle are converted to farmland, which has an extreme warming and dryness effect on climate.

Overall it is a wonder that the Weltformel was not detected earlier, as energy would have been generated analog to sun without CO2 generation. The expensive generation by burning would never have been done. Because of the lack of increased CO2 concentration the crop yields would be much lower, and the warming up much quicker which would have caused catastrophic effects for mankind.

Thus current actions against CO2 can be called a heavy crime on mankind and a severe action against nature. By the knowledge of the Weltformel and understanding of physics it will get a conscious crime.

Zusammenfassung der Wahrheit vom Klimawandel

Der Irrtum der derzeitigen Physik ist nicht die Klimaerwärmung. Diese gibt es und sie wird auch noch fortschreiten. Klimawandel gab es seit Bestehen der Erde und es wäre sehr unnatürlich, wenn es keinen Klimawandel geben würde.

Der Irrtum ist, dass Klimawissenschaftler nicht wissen, was Absorption von Wärmestrahlung bedeutet. Strahlung besteht immer aus Teilchen, meistens Photonen. Wärmestrahlung bedeutet Ausstrahlung (Emission) von Infrarot-Photonen. Absorption ist das Gegenteil von Emission. Absorption ist identisch mit Binden von Infrarot-Photonen, d.h. Wärme wird eliminiert. Infrarotphotonen werden von allen Molekülen absorbiert, d.h. jedes zusätzliches Molekül in der Atmosphäre leistet einen Beitrag, dass weniger Wärme auf die Erdoberfläche gelangt, und somit das Klima gekühlt wird.

Es ist sehr auffällig, wenn man sich mit den Gegebenheiten des Universums beschäftigt, dass es zwar kritische Naturerscheinungen gibt, wie den Klimawandel, dass solche negativen Naturerscheinungen immer durch die Natur so abgeschwächt werden, dass wir dabei noch „gut bei weg kommen“. Jeder Klimawandel wird z.B. dadurch abgeschwächt, das bei erhöhten Temperaturen aus den Meeren CO2 und Wasser verdampft, sodass die Atmosphäre mit kühlenden Molekülen angereichert wird. Wenn durch Absorption das Klima wärmer werden würde, dann würde sich die Erwärmung exponential verstärken und es würde zu einer wirklichen lebensbedrohlichen Katastrophe kommen. Mit der CO2-Erhöhung wird also eine Katastrophe verhindert und nicht gemacht.

Der wesentliche Effekt von CO2 ist noch ein anderer. Es ist bekannt, dass das Pflanzenwachstum mit dem CO2-Gehalt korreliert. Erhöhtes Pflanzenwachstum bedeutet mehr Verdunstung und einen höheren Kühleffekt durch Absorption von Wasser.

Die größte menschengemachte Klimaerwärmung resultiert daher aus der Abholzung von Regenwäldern.

Die größte menschengemachte Klimaabkühlung (das Verhindern einer stärkeren Erwärmung) hat sich durch das Verbrennen von fossilen Brennstoffen ergeben.

Normalerweise hätten Physiker bereits vor 1940 erkennen müssen, wie man extrem günstige Energie analog der Sonne produzieren kann, sodass keiner auf die Idee gekommen wäre, Energie durch das relativ ineffektive Verbrennen von fossile Brennstoffe zu generieren. Da ich inzwischen dir Realität der Sonnenenergie kenne, weiß ich auch, dass der Prozess sehr einfach und eindeutig ist. Eigentlich ist es ein extrem unwahrscheinliches Wunder, dass es nicht dazu gekommen ist. Ein Wunder ist es, weil die 50% höhere CO2-Konzentration in der Luft bedeutet, dass es fast 50% höhere Ernteerträge gibt. Ohne diese Erhöhung wäre es aufgrund der starken Zunahme Weltbevölkerung zu katastrophalen Hungerkatastrophen gekommen, was ja jetzt schon ein ernstes Problem ist.

Insgesamt werden zurzeit Maßnahmen ergriffen die eigentlich eine Katastrophe verhinder sollen, aber in Wirklichkeit eine Katastrophe bewirken würden, wenn es tatsächlich zu einer CO2-Reduzierung kommen sollte.

Ich habe bei meinen Studien des Universums bereits viele extrem unwahrscheinliche Ereignisse (Wunder) erkannt, wie in diesem Fall, dass Physiker über 60 Jahre lang versuchen die physikalisch unmögliche Energiegenerierung durch Kernfusion zu erreichen und zum Glück der Menschheit nicht die tatsächlich Energiegenerierung der Sonne erkennen.

Bei mir hat dies dazu geführt, dass ich fest daran glaube, dass die vielen Wunder der Natur von einer Kraft außerhalb des Universums geleitet wurden, d.h. von Gott.

Jetzt noch die wesentliche Ursache aller Klimawandel

Die einzige wissenschaftliche Erklärung ist, dass das Sonnensystem beim Durchqueren unserer Galaxie durch Gebiete mit unterschiedlichen Dichten von Molekülen in Molekülwolken kommt und dass dadurch für längere Zeit mal mehr und mal weniger Wärme zur Erde absorbiert (blockiert) wird. Die Existenz der Molekülwolken ist bereits allgemein bekannt und wird z.B. von der NASA gemessen. Zur Zeit zieht die Sonne durch außergewöhnlich dünne Wolken, d.h. es wird nur wenig Wärme zur Erde blockiert.

CX.3 The absurd Antiscience of earth Heating by Clouds

According to physics we have to fill a swimming pool when the weather forecast announces that there will be many days of compact clouds, so that the swimming pool is rapidly heated. The observation and correct knowledge of former days were that the pool will faster warm up when there will be lots of sunny days.

This is just one example of numerous, how absurd the greenhouse theory is.

C2.3 The severe Error of Measurements of Electron-Pairs First scientific description of data transfer through space:

*Moving electrons in an electric conductor generate pions by collisions to photons.

* The pions decay after short time to muons and electron-pairs (=electron-neutrinos).

* The pions and electron-pairs are emitted out of the conductor.

* The muons bind to magnetic fields, which decay to photons after short time.

* The electron-pairs are stable until these collide to heavy metal atoms.

* These collisions result to the decay of an electron-pair to 2 electrons (electric current)

* By having a specific sequence of kinetic energies of electrons in a conductor, which works as a sending antenna, the same sequence is finally generated in the receiving antenna.

It is extremely strange that complicated technologies are developed, but no scientists wants to know, how these technologies work. For many other technologies it is even worse: For these physicists have invented physically impossible explanations.

of to kinetic energies of electron pairs and thus cause a current. and because have to bea regarded and e are The direct measurement procedure. of the average kinetic energies of omnipresent photons are nearly impossibleb as there are of cosmic microwave background and cosmic neutrino background are done by radio detectors, thus in both cases definitely electron-pairs are measured and no photons. Only the energies have been calculated differently or the sensors are adjusted to different energies. Measurement of electron-pairs are extremely easy as electron-pairs decay to electrons, which means generate directly an electric current by collision to a heavy metal like iron in a receiving antenna. Electron-pairs are the particles which are emitted by a sending antenna.

C2.7 The scientific Zero Point of Heat

By the definition of heat the zero point of kinetic energy is clearly determined and by this the temperature at this point. Omnipresent photons have no kinetic energy, when these are completely bound to a solid, which is equivalent to be frozen. This occurs at about 2.7 Kelvin. Black holes consist of frozen photons and explain the stabilization of the temperature of space at 2.7 K.

But there might be for short time colder temperatures by undercooling, so that the scale of Kelvin can be used by knowing that temperatures below 2.7 K cannot be measured, because calibration is not possible.