SURe-New Physics Vol. E Electricity
Last update from 19- Jan- 2025
Next update is planned in Feb 25
The task of physical research is to gain knowledge about the physical reality of the universe. By me physical reality is called the Scientific Universal Reality (SURe). Without this axiom that physical reality exists research does not make sense. Current physics is based on the axiom that physical reality does not exist.
The essential characteristics for physical reality is that it can be observed by biological and technical detectors and thus can be physically described. The strongest fact, which has prevented that SURe has been detected much earlier is the capability of mankind to think in addition to observe. Thinking mostly causes that descriptions of observations are biased by adding fictive considerations, which are no reality. The best known examples is the apparent observation, that the sun orbits around the earth. It has lasted several centuries until the physical reality has been generally accepted by presenting additional observations. Unfortunately in current physics there are hundreds of incorrectly described observations (theories) which have been accepted as physics and have not been revised later, when unbiased unambiguous observation showed the physical reality. Examples are:
* Wrong theory: The sun is hot.
Comment: Observations, that the sun like all stars must have a temperature below freezing point of hydrogen have been ignored. Otherwise physicists would have got knowledge about the reality of energy generation by sun, which surely would have resulted to the constructions of very cheap power plants analog to sun since several decades.
* Wrong theory: Gravitation is caused by mass attraction.
Comment: This prevented the detection of dark matter to be omnipresent photons and that these are involved in nearly all important interactions in universe like magnetic and electric interactions.
* Wrong Theory: Current global warming is caused by CO2 increase in atmosphere.
Comment: This is the most disastrous theory, because it has the potential to cause a real catastrophe for mankind. The theory is exclusively based on a correlation and not on any observation. All spectroscopic measurements and findings of great physicists like Planck, Kirchhoff and experts at NASA clearly show the opposite: An increase of CO2 causes significant cooling of climate or in our case reduction of warming by absorption of heat from sun. There is even a natural increase of CO2, and we can be sure that nature works in favor of mankind and not against mankind. The additional CO2 increase by mankind can be regarded as incredible wonder, because of the non-detected energy generation of sun, which is very unusual.
In addition the absurd greenhouse theory prevented physical research for the real major cause for global warming, which could be identified by NASA research : The exceptional low density of the “local cloud” affecting our sun system . Not realized was that by this the usual heat absorption by sun is currently missing.
Major current problem is that following characteristics of physical reality are not realized:
* Everything in universe consists of objects which are accurate describable by 3-dimensional structures of a concrete number of bound electrons, by a concrete relative position and by a relative kinetic energy
* All statements have to be observable and consistent to observations and/or the two Fundamental Laws of Nature.
* Physical reality is unique
By above characterizations nearly every physical concrete statement can be clearly identified to be physical reality or no physical reality.
By the pressure to get public funding for physical research it was not possible for research institutions to wait until numerous experimental observations are done before the “apparent” physical descriptions have been revised to unequivocally physical reality by eliminations of all interpretations, hypotheses and theories. Therefore already theories have been published and were regarded as physics. Later physical institution avoided to admit that additional unbiased observations proved that the current theories are no physical reality.
Physicists mostly defined physical rules already based on one or few observations. The Reality of the universe is based on laws of nature. These have to be generally valid without any exceptions. The most general laws of nature are the fundamental laws of nature, either the fundamental law of nature is no physical reality.
By this in current physics not any physical law describes and explains the events in universe by fundamental laws of nature, which means by physical reality.
The observation that particles which do bindings seem to be systematic for two groups of particles has led to the thinking that the two groups of particles must possess a specific difference, which causes binding. Thus physicists assigned abstract terms to the particles, which were called plus and minus, without knowing the physical difference. Later physicists explained bindings by charges, although they should know that abstract terms can not explain physical events.
By time there were many observations which were not conform to the observations. Specific physical research would partly have shown the contrary; Electrons bind to electrons, but not to positrons, protons bind to protons but not to antiprotons.
In order to define laws of nature, scientist have to check physicists have to find generally valid rules.
It is generally known, that all observed particles show mutual binding reactions by reducing the temperature. The specific temperatures where mutual bindings occur are called condensation and freezing temperature.
Physicist also know, that all bondings break by high temperatures. Instead of high and low temperatures it is more scientific to talk about high and low collision energies of particles.
By adequate experiments it can be shown that above correlation is not only valid for atomic particles but also for subatomic particles. For example all unbiased observations of black holes can be described and explained by the reality that black holes are frozen omnipresent photons. There are no other possibilities for the reality of black holes. By this the observed nearly constant gravitational force by increasing distances can be explained and also the observed decreasing gravitation by decreasing distance to a black hole.
Therefore the natural laws are:
Bindings are done by decreasing temperatures or collision energies.
Breaking of bondings occur by increasing temperatures or collision energies.
But there are still no explanation. Explanations can exclusively be done by the most general laws of nature, which are the two Fundamental Laws of Nature.
The two fundamental Laws of Nature have been derived by the unbiased results of all relevant experiments ever done by physical scientists. Thus the Fundamental Laws of Nature would not have been detected without the research work of physicists.
Following is are the latest versions, which are a bit clearer than earlier versions, but all versions are in principle identical.
1. There is exclusively one active force in universe, which is the origin of all interactions: The force, that colliding electrons superpose and by this are accelerated to a position where these have the lowest sum of spin energies, which is achieved by superposition of opposite spin energies. A stable state of vibrating superposition of spin energies with minimal spin energy is called bound particle.
2. There is exclusively one passive force in universe, which determines, how interactions are done: The total energy (= sum of spin-energies + sum of vibration energies) of interacting particles has to be absolutely constant during all interactions
The universe requires at least two fundamental laws of nature, in order to get an equilibrium of interactions. If all interactions work towards one specific direction, the universe would sooner or later be dead, which means that there would be no interactions.
In other words: It is essential for a permanently existing universe with interactions that there are 2 major opposite interactions like it is fulfilled by the two Fundamental Laws of Nature: The building and breaking of bondings of spin-energies (=electrons).
As both laws can be expressed by mathematical formulas, the two Fundamental Laws of Nature are called Weltformel.
Physical Reality has to be unique. This requires that by knowing the basic properties of interacting particles the resulting properties after the interactions are known. No deviations are possible. Thus physical reality cannot be discussed. It has to be observed or calculated. In future computers will tell, what is physical reality and what is physically impossible just by programming of Weltformel.
Concerning the fact that determination allows no free will see SURe – Physical Reality Vol. “We are Robots”.
Other requirements for physical reality of universe and basic conclusions of the two Fundamental Natural Laws are:
* Space and time have absolutely constant dimensions.
* All matter in universe consists of objects which occupy a 3-dimensional space.
* All interactions of objects in universe require a time span.
* Matter and energies in universe have been generated out of nothing.
* The only elementary particles are electrons.
* Particles and antiparticles are identical.
* Electrons are equivalent to spin energies.
* As we can’t do observations behind our universe, the physical reality is just valid for our universe since generation of the space of the universe.
* There are very strong indications that there is a supernatural force outside our universe. The very likely theory is that the supernatural force has the capability to change probabilities of the occurrence of interactions in our universe without violating the two Fundamental Laws of Nature. The supernatural force might be called god. See SURe- New Physics Vol.: THE THEORY OF GOD.
In the 1930s years physicists detected that by collisions of cosmic protons to molecules in atmosphere a decay of the colliding particles occurs, which results to the smallest particles in universe, which are electrons and positrons. As known by chemists the decay occurs successively. The successively generated decay products could be identified in different heights of atmosphere:
Starting by the first decay particles, these are: neutrons and kaons –> pions and photons –> muons and neutrinos –> positrons and electrons.
The corresponding decay reactions including the structures of all particles could be determined by SURe- New Physics, which verified the findings. In addition it could be shown that besides the detected particles there are no other relevant sub-atomic particles.
This has been verified by the fact, that all further research about particles increased the unreality of physics.
1964 can be regarded as the year, in which physical science was finally converted to antiscience. The generally accepted definition of antiscience is to accept theories although the physical reality has been clearly defined. The corresponding theory has been invented by pure thinking without any observation or indication, thus by science-fiction. According to this theory protons consists of other particles than the clearly detected ones: quarks and gluons. The creators seem to know that quarks and gluons are no reality, because they state that these particles can’t be isolated as single particles and thus are not observable. Not observable is equivalent to the statement of no reality.
Nevertheless physical research institution accepted the theory as physics. Victims of this are all the numerous scientists for who it is not possible any more to do valuable physical research at particle collider facilities like at CERN. All real findings would falsify current physics, which is not allowed for being published. The real generated particles at CERN are mainly photons and few decay products of photons (muons, neutrinos = electron-pairs and electrons). Although it is easy to identify photons, this is not published, because it would falsify current theories. When the researcher would not being obliged to hold on to physically impossible theories they surely would have detected that particle colliders have the capability to generate energy the same way as the sun generates energy. Thus scientific research would have surely resulted to the construction of very effective power plants since several decades, which generate high amounts of cheap energy analog to sun: by emissions of photons. This refers to a relative simple reaction. The generated photons are already used at collider facilities for structure analysis of biological particles. But it was prevented that the real potential for the generation of high energetic IR-photons by adjusting collision energies to magnetic fields has been realized.
Without the fatal research restrictions every researcher would have done the generally accepted best practice done at start of research experiments: A “blind” measurement, with means running the ring collider with one single beam. This would have shown that by a single beam the same particles are generated by collisions as by running with two beams.
Another best practice is to determine the dependency of results by different collision energies. This would have clearly verified the fundamental laws of nature, which are for proton-proton-collisions:
* By low collision energies: Binding of two protons to an alpha particle.
* By medium collision energies: Decay of protons as observed in atmosphere in 1930s years.
* By high collision energies: Penetration without decay of protons.
In addition many other findings of SURe- New Physics can be verified, like the dependency on spin orientation, which solves the matter-antimatter-problem of current physics and that reaction products are independent from colliding particles.
It can be assumed that nearly no physicist really believes that electromagnetic waves are physical reality. Electromagnetic waves does not fulfill any requirement for physical reality.
By SURe – New Physics it can be demonstrated that all natural and experimental interactions of photons falsify that photons are electromagnetic waves and verify that these are relative normal particles.
Contrary to the theory of electromagnetic waves the alternating movements of all real waves like sonic waves and water waves can be well explained by the alternating forces exerted to particles. The fact that this is not possible for electromagnetic waves is the proof that theses are physical impossible science-fiction.
As photons can travel nearly endless through space these have to be very stable, which can be explained by their compact symmetric structure. Because of their high stability there exist many more than 10 to the power of 10 photons in the volume of an atom. Therefore the proportion of number of photons to number of atoms is multiple times higher than above proportion. Nearly all photons are low-energetic IR-photons, which are omnipresent and do movements to all directions by mutual collisions and reflections.
Photons can only do mutual collisions when their kinetic energies are in a comparable range, otherwise these penetrate through each other.
All high-energetic photons move to one direction by penetration through low energetic IR-photons. As the penetration needs time proportional to the kinetic energy of high energetic photons, all propagating photons have a constant propagation speed despite strong differences of real velocities between the penetrations. The Kinetic energy of photons is proportional to the mass and the real velocity of a photon, like it is the case for all objects.
Photons always bind to other photons and to nuclei by double bondings. Like it is the case for electrons one photon can bind to three mutual bondings in a plane. This explains that hexagons of bound photons are built. The temperature determines the stability of bondings:
* by high temperatures or low concentrations binding to linear chains is preferred.
* by low temperatures or high concentration binding to plane structures is preferred.
* 3-dimensional crystallization occurs by very low temperatures and high concentrations to black holes.
Without above knowledge it was impossible for physicist to describe and explain the physical reality of the universe as photons and hexagon photon structures are involved in many reactions.
SURe – New Physics identified 2017 dark matter clearly as omnipresent low-energetic IR-photons. Physicist identified these already many years earlier by measurements, but called the omnipresent photons Cosmic Microwave Background.
There are multiple theories for the structure of atoms, but all consist of physically impossible statements like:
- Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons.
- There are free moving electrons around atomic nuclei.
- The electrons move in specific volumes and in specific distance to nucleus.
- There are electron pairs at specific positions by which atoms are bound to molecules.
- There are often additional electron-pairs around a nucleus which do not bind, but which requires a specific volume.
As physicists are well aware that above statements are physically impossible, they made-up a theory without physically existing electrons. The new theory works with wave functions instead of real electrons. But wave functions are even more far away from physical reality than real electrons.
If an atom would exclusively consist of atomic nuclei and real electrons or abstract wave functions, the proportion of volume of matter to the total volume of an atom is about 10 to the power of -15. This means that an atom would consist of almost nothing. By this the current atomic theories are refuted by following observations:
* Atomic matter has a strong resistance against pressure.
* There are rigid bondings between atoms, which result to molecules.
* There are bondings between molecules, which result to rigid bodies.
* The bondings do vibrations.
* Atomic matter does reflections of visible photons on surface.
* Molecules have a significant potential for absorption (= binding) of other photons, particular infrared-photons.
All observations concerning atomic matter are conform to following physical reality:
* Atomic nuclei have been generated by nuclear fusion (= binding) of protons (= nucleus of hydrogen) in stars.
Comment: Like all bondings also nuclear fusions consume energy, which can be explained by the fact that usable kinetic energy of particles is transferred to non-usable vibration energy of bondings.
Thus generally atomic nuclei are bound protons. Physicists know that nuclei can decay to other nuclei, by which electrons, neutrons and alpha-particles (=diprotons) are emitted.
* There are no free electrons in or around an atom. Instead omnipresent photons bind to specific adequate positions to nuclei. The most essential characteristics of omnipresent photons is, that these do mutual bondings to huge chain-like structures of bound hexagons. Each photon-chain consists of billions of photons. The photon-chains bind to the chains of other atoms and thus generate molecules.
Charges are no physical objects and no properties of particles. In addition there is no physical meaning of charged particles. The characterization by “+” and “-” does not make sense, because there is no physical difference.
The thinking, that there are particles with positive charge that are attracted by particles with negative charge, which cause binding by attraction is not valid. It is refuted by numerous observations:
*Electrons bind to electrons but never to positrons.
* Atomic nuclei generally consists of bound protons. In some cases the nuclei decay to structures which appear to consists of neutrons.
* Two bound protons are called alpha-particle.
* Bound particles are new particles and mostly completely new characteristics.
It is well known by observations, that all particles do mutual bindings. The mutual bound particles are called frozen matter.
Thus there is following general law of nature:
*All particles do increasing number of bondings by decreasing temperature.
*For all particles by increasing temperatures increasing numbe of breaks of bondings occur.
* Increasing temperature of particles mostly correlates to increasing collision energies of particles.
Physical reality is that particles have a specific number of positions in their structures, where interactions by bondings or reflections are possible.
Particles including electrons have two possible states, which differentiate whether by superposition after collision a bonding (=absorption) or a reflection (re-emission) occurs:
When particles have nearly the same spin- orientation (=same spin rotation), the colliding areas have opposite rotation directions. This causes a decrease of spin-energies, which causes acceleration to a the superposition with lowest sum of spin energies which can result to binding.
When particles have nearly opposite spin- orientation (=opposite spin rotation), the colliding areas have same rotation directions. This causes an increase of spin-energies, which causes acceleration opposite to superposition, which means reflection.
Overall the physical reality of the theory of particles with “plus and minus charges” are particles with “spin up and spin down” or “matter- and antimatter – particles”.
This is verified by following observations:
* Electrons bind to electrons but not to positrons, verified by electron-pairs.
* Protons bind to protons but not to antiprotons, verified by diprotons, which are currently called alpha- particles.
* all decays of particles generate particles with identical spin orientations, verified by deflections in magnetic fields (magnetic field must have same orientation relative to movement direction, otherwise the deflections occur in opposite direction).
* all decays of particles generate entangled particles with entangled properties.
* every particle can bind to every other particle below a specific temperature. The specific temperature is call freezing or condensation temperature.
* as by high collision energies or multiple bindings the vibration exceeds the maximal value: every particle can decay to smaller particles except electrons.
There are five fundamental Interactions in universe:
1) Every interaction of an object starts with a collision of two moving objects, followed by one of following four major interactions:
2) Binding:
Binding is a result of by partly superposition of two spin energies (= electrons). There are no other bound states in universe than superposition of opposite rotating parts of an electron, which is forced to do in order to reduce total spin- energy to minimal spin-energy. By binding the kinetic energies of collided particles are transferred to the vibration energy of the bondings, which are averaged over all bondings of a particle.
3) Break of bonding:
When vibration energy of a particles gets over the maximal vibration amplitude, the bonding breaks, by which the bonding energy is transferred to kinetic energies of split particles, which are emitted to opposite directions.
4) Penetration
Penetration occurs, when the collision energy is so high that the movement of superposition is not stopped before end of superposition.
5) Reflection
When two objects with opposite spin directions collide, the first superposed area causes an increased spin-energy. Therefore, when the collision energy is lower than it is required for penetration the colliding particles are reflected.
This error has created several decades of very expensive but useless physical research by collider experiments, as already mentioned.
A clear law of nature is, that when particles collide with very high kinetic energy, neither bonding nor reflection occurs but exclusively penetration.
Thus the observed and analyzed particles by high energetic particle colliders are not generated by particle- particle collisions but by collisions to the very strong magnetic fields, which consist of extremely dense bound photon structures.
It is well observed that the magnetic fields in colliders decay to photons. As the magnetic fields have very regular structures, the emitted photons which are the decay products have a regular spin orientation, which is equivalent with being polarized. The photons are called Synchrotron radiation.
Thus the detected particles in the analyzer are photons which decay to myons, electron-pairs and electrons. These are independent from colliding particles, which means electrons, positrons, protons, antiprotons and lead.
This explains why the successive generated decay products of protons, which have been analyzed already in the 1930s years are not observed: these are neutrons and kaons → pions → muons → electron-pairs → electrons.
Particle-particle collisions can be used as perfect verification of the natural laws of interactions:
* By low energetic collisions of protons these bind to alpha-particles (=diprotons).
* By medium energetic collisions these decay to above listed particls.
* By high energetic collisions there occurs penetration.
It is extreme easy to verify that collisions to magnetic fields occur instead of collisions to particles: Scientists just have to shut down one conduction line and will analyze same particles as by both conduction lines (just less).
An essential law of nature is that there are no forces like attraction or repulsion between particles which have no direct contact.
By daily observations we know that all interactions require forces and forces can exclusively be exerted and experienced by direct contact of concrete objects. This is the explanation for the law of nature that all interactions in universe start with a collision. The corresponding force is the kinetic energy of one object relative to the kinetic energy of another object, which is the force of collision, which is equivalent to collision energy. We also know that the force exercising objects are often not visible by eyes:
* Windmills work by collisions of molecules of atmosphere.
* Rockets are accelerated by collisions of molecules generated by fuel explosion.
* Heat is generated by collisions of infrared photons.
* Steam engines move by collisions of gaseous water molecules
* Electromotors run by collisions of electrons.
Currently unknown is that most other interactions are exercised by collisions of omnipresent low-energetic infrared-photons, currently called dark matter. This is possible as in a volume of an atom there are more than 10 to the power of 15 omnipresent photons. These explain following forces:
* Gravitational force by collisions of different numbers of omnipresent photons: The increasing density by decreasing distance to celestial bodies cause that by the increased binding reactions objects are accelerated to the surface of celestial bodies.
* Magnetic force is generated by collisions of objects to magnetic field lines. Magnetic field lines are omnipresent photons which are bound to chain structures.
* Electric force is in principle identical to magnetic force.
* Weak and strong force refer to usual reactions by bindings and break of bondings after collisions of particles.
Overall any impact to an object without a collision by another object is physically impossible.
All current theories of forces are physically impossible sciencefiction.
Sciencefiction is no negative term, because sciencefiction is created by thinking, whereas the detection of the Fundamental Laws of Nature can only be achieved when observations are described without any thinking. Everything which is observed by reliable detectors is physical reality. Exclusively thinking has the potential to convert reality to no reality.
Electricity refers to the generally valid rules which describe and explain the interactions of electrons.
The rules have to be conform to the two Fundamental Laws of Nature.
The special characteristics of an Electron are
* is the smallest particle.
* is the building brick of everything which is in universe.
* is the only particle without bondings,
therefore it cannot decay and is stable for ever.
* is the only spherical particle.
*is the only particle, which has spin
* can bind to all other particles.
* can do 3 mutual bindings, which always are in a plane.
* are decay products of all other partucles.
* has the lowest mass; explanation: mass is a correlation factor for linear acceleration, acceleration correlates to number of bondings with vibrations to one direction.
Electrons do the same basic interactions as all other particles, but some are very important for technical applications. These interaction are caused by the unique characteristics of electrons.
One of the most important reactions in universe concerning technology is the reaction of electrons with photons to magnetic fields. This is a typical interaction of particles for which there is currently no scientific explanation. By laws of nature the reaction is very logical (explained later separately).
As already mentioned electricity refers to interactions of electrons. Currently electricity refers to interactions of charged particles, but this is no reality. Only electrons can do the specific reactions, which mankind observes as electricity. There are no physical differences between interactions of charged and non-charged particles. The only difference is that “charged particles” have bonding positions which are more suitable to bind to magnetic fields. But this is no reason to differentiate between charged and non-charged particles.
As all matter decays to electrons, electrons can be regarded as omnipresent, but mostly with very low concentrations. The low concentrations of electrons are caused by the strong potential to be bound to atomic particles. In some atomic matter these bondings are weak, which causes that electrons can move through this matter matter like in metals. The bondings of electrons to most non-metallic nuclei are much stronger which explains that non-metallic atoms mostly do not conduct electrons.
The basic observation concerning electricity is:
When we insert an electric plug into a power socket, there is a flow of electrons through the electric cable which has been plugged in, to a position where the electrons are consumed which means are absorbed.
This again shows that absorption has the meaning of elimination like it is the case for absorption (=elimination) of heat (infrared photons).
Thus the question is: Why do the electrons start to move through the electric cable, when plugged into the power supply socket?
It is well known that the electrons have to be accelerated by a force in order to start moving. But the only existing force in universe is not known by current physics, so that physicists have no chance to explain this like all other observation correctly, which means by physical reality.
Most physicists state that there is an electrical potential between the power supply socket and a power consumer. But of course this is no explanation, it is just an invented term like many other used terms: electrostatic potential, electric potential energy, potential drop, electrostatic potential, electrical field potential, Coulomb force, electric tension, electric pressure, …
Reality is that the movement is caused by a density gradient of electrons. Thus it is the same event like to open the gas valve to feed the gas heating. This means electrons do the same as gas molecules. These move from a high density to a lower density. The conclusions are:
* Movements of electrons through electric conductors are based on same physics as movements of high density areas of gaseous molecules to areas with low density.
* This shows which parameters and values are really needed for the runction of electric devices:
- the supplied pressure, which is mostly called the supplied electric tension although the term supplied electric pressure would be a more scientific term.
- A pressure reduction unit to adjust the pressure to the required electric pressure by consumer. This is done by an electric resistance device.
- A measure of the consumed amount of particles, which is equal to the consumed electric current, and should be measured as consumed electrons per time unit.
This results to the fact, that other properties are not needed for electrical applications and caused that the physical reality of electricity has not been understood.
* The formula for Coulomb force is pure science-fiction without any physical reality, which can easily be proven by experiments.
A density gradient exerts no force. Therefore a density gradient does not explain, why particles start to move from low density area to a high density area. It can’t even not be explained by statistics.
The density gradient is just a little step towards physical reality, because a density gradient of electrons is concrete and describable. In addition it is conform to the observation that there is no flow of particles to a specific direction when there is no density gradient of particles any more.
A further step to reality is that electrons and gas molecules or atoms do so called Brownian movements, when there is nearly equal density. But again Brownian movements is a term which describes movements, but does not explain the movements. Brownian movements are not caused by heat, but correlate with heat.
Clear reality is that Brownian movements are not random. The movement of each particle follows exactly the two fundamental laws of nature, which means these are predetermined.
First scientific explanation:
Single particles are always generated by break of bondings and emission of the broken parts, like it is the case for evaporation. When single particles collide these can either bind or be reflected. When collision energy is high or when additional bindings occur, the vibrations of bondings get beyond superposition, which is equivalent to the breaking of bonding. By breaking of bondings the vibration energy is transferred to kinetic energy of the split particles, by which these are accelerated to opposite directions. Binding refers to an acceleration according to the first Fundamental Law of Nature and breaking of bonding is caused by the second Fundamental Law of Nature in combination with the force of of the first Fundamental Law of Nature.
Thus Brownian motion results by so called binding & decay- mechanism, which like every interaction in universe is caused by the two Fundamental Laws of Nature.
By low temperatures binding is preferred. This results to the observation that particles do not move from an area of high density to an area of low density but particles do a “netto- movement” from low density to high density.
By this following is explained:
* Condensation of water molecules to clouds in atmosphere.
* Condensation of molecules in space to clouds and further to stars. (There are no forces without contacts of particles, like mass attraction)
*Crystallization of solids in fluids.
Electrons and photons have in common that these can be conducted with high speed through conduction lines. In addition by both particle conductions are capable to transport data, which means their kinetic energies and number of conducted particles stay constant.
The basic difference is that photons can’t be conducted in copper wires and photons can’t be conducted in glass fibers. The first scientifically possible explanation conform to Fundamental Laws of Nature have been found on 1st of Januar 2025:
Characteristics of visible photons and glassy material:
Visible photons have sufficient kinetic energy to penetrate through glassy matter. Penetration is stopped by ordered atomic structures with high density of bondings between heavy nuclei. It is known in physics that glassy substances can be regarded as fluids, which means theses have no ordered crystalline structures with a high density of bondings of and between heavy nuclei.
Also known is the major interaction of visible photons: they generally are reflected by surfaces of atomic matter, as on surfaces there are more regular structures with bondings parallel to surface, but not perpendicular to surface. Thus by a specific coating of the glass fibers, it is assured, that all photons are reflected and remain in the glass fiber. Reflection has the advantage that there is no loss of kinetic energy of photons.
Characteristics of electrons and copper wires:
Copper is a metal with heavy nuclei, which are highly ordered by bondings parallel to surface. Therefore these can’t be penetrated by photons but also not by electrons. Electrons can also not penetrate through glass or other non-metallic atomic matter. The reason for this is that all non-metallic nuclei have strong bonding positions to electrons and even much stronger for electron-pairs. Therefore electrons are bound and later by further collisions are emitted again.
It is well known that electrons partly move as electron-pairs. Which strengthens binding to not conducting matter.
Besides above effect there is another characteristics of metals which is the fact that these crystallize to regular structures with bondings by photon-chains in a plane. Also all protons of a nucleus are bonded in the same plane. The planes are built parallel to surfaces when metals are torn to wires. Thus metallic wires provide lots of free cylindrical space in a metallic wire, which is used for the flow of electrons or electron-pairs through a wire.
By the way the expression electric current should not be used as it is too abstract and thus not scientific. So the concrete term flow or movements of electrons should be used.
For photons the channels in electrical lines are too tight, so that these are not adequate for conducting photons.
It is observed that the electrical conductivity is decreased by increasing temperature. Current theory is that the cause for this is the increasing vibration of bondings, which hinder the flow of electrons.
The physical reality is that the bondings are parallel to the electric line and thus do not hinder the flow of electrons. This is verified by the fact that the length of wires are increased by temperature which is caused by expansion due to stronger vibration amplitudes.
The increase of temperature has the effect that more and more bondings break by which the ordered metallic structures get more and more disordered. By this the free channel structure get more and more failures which hinder the flow of electrons. This disordering effect of temperature is verified by magnetic iron. The magnetism of iron, which is caused by an optimal order of magnetic domains, is completely destroyed by increasing temperature.
Superconductivity of electric wires is achieved, when there are cylindrical spaces in an electrical conductor line which have no binding options between the pipelike layers. Typical for this is that this occurs below a specific temperature which is very low. These specific temperatures refer to phase transition and a phase transition of a solid refers to reorganization of a bonding structure to a more stable structure with highest number of bondings. By this it is prevented that the moving electron- pairs or electrons do exchange reactions with already bound electron-pairs or electrons. Exchange reactions like other reactions require time.
It has already been explained that an electrical current or general movements of electrons or other particles are not caused by physically impossible quantities like electric fields or electric potential.
Following statements of Wikipedia shows the fatal misunderstanding of electricity:
“Electric potential (also called the electric field potential, potential drop, the electrostatic potential) is defined as the amount of work/energy needed per unit of electric charge to move the charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field. More precisely, the electric potential is the energy per unit charge for a test charge that is so small that the disturbance of the field under consideration is negligible. The motion across the field is supposed to proceed with negligible acceleration, so as to avoid the test charge acquiring kinetic energy or producing radiation. By definition, the electric potential at the reference point is zero units.
The basis for physical statements should be unbiased descriptions of observations and no science-fiction.
Above statements are based on the simple observation that when an electric wire with a high density of electrons is connected to an electric wire with a low density of electrons, the electrons flow to the direction of wire of low concentration as long as there is a density difference of electrons.
The same happens for particles like gases from a pressurized bottle through a pipe to a non- pressurized atmosphere.
So it is clearly not an issue of charges (which do not exist), it is not an issue of electrons, not an issue of statistics and not an issue of repulsion.
Following description in Wikipedia is pure science-fiction, not based on observations and physically impossible:
„An electric field (sometimes called E-field[1]) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles. Charged particles exert attractive forces on each other when their charges are opposite, and repulse each other when their charges are the same. Because these forces are exerted mutually, two charges must be present for the forces to take place. The electric field of a single charge (or group of charges) describes their capacity to exert such forces on another charged object. These forces are described by Coulomb's law, which says that the greater the magnitude of the charges, the greater the force, and the greater the distance between them, the weaker the force. Thus, we may informally say that the greater the charge of an object, the stronger its electric field. Similarly, an electric field is stronger nearer charged objects and weaker further away. Electric fields originate from electric charges and time-varying electric currents. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic field. Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature.
There exist no particles which have charges and electrical fields around these charges. Contrary to magnetic fields electric fields and electromagnetic fields do not exist and have never been observed. In addition these do not describe or explain any observation in universe. Concerning electromagnetic fields often the so called plasma balls are shown. Plasma balls are well explainable by reactions of electrons, which are emitted by a high density electrode with noble gases. By the very specific structure of photon chains of noble gases these emit photons slowly and to changing directions.
As charges and Coulomb force does not exist Binding of particles has nothing to do with electrics
According to laws of nature the subsequent interactions after collisions of electrons depend on collision-energy of electrons which often correlates to temperature:
* By low collision energy there occurs binding of electrons, which is the explanation for the generation of stars, black holes and magnetic fields in space.
* By medium collision energy there occur break of bondings after binding (so called binding & decay reaction). By break of electron-pairs the electrons take over kinetic energy with high velocity, which causes that the electrons flow through wires without additional force or energy.
The only point of contact of electrons to force fields is, that electrons can strengthen magnetic force fields.
The possible scientific mechanism for this has been detected on 1st January 2025 and has still to be verified, although till now no inconsistencies to the fundamental laws of nature or to observations have been found. In addition the finding can explain many other “electrostatic” observations.
The mechanism for strengthening of magnetic fields is following:
1. By increasing density of electrons the reaction equilibrium of electrons to electron-pairs goes more and more to electron-pairs.
2. The electron-pairs bind to positions of specific nuclei, adjacent to a position where a photon-chain binds to a nucleus.
3. By this a thicker and longer photon-chain on the nucleus is generated.
4. As photon chains are equivalent to magnetic field lines, the magnetic field lines can do stronger interactions with other surrounded objects.
5. Other typical effects of magnetic fields are also strengthened like the deflections or acceleration of particles that collide to magnetic fields.
When a strengthened photon-chain of on object by high density of electrons binds to another object, the free moving electrons of the other body at the bound side will also be bound between photon chain and nucleus, which causes that the density of free electrons at the un-bound side gets higher. This observation is called electrostatic induction. The observation appears like that one body can affect the distribution of charges of an other body.
Electrostatic induction can also be explained by the fact that every particle and thus also a photon chain is a dipole magnet. This is due to the fact that all electrons in a particle have the same spin direction, and it depends on the spin direction, whether a particle /photon-chain binds to another particle or photon-chain. Thus two photon- chains can bind when the ends have same spin rotations but are repelled when the ends have different spin rotation:
* When two bodies are bound by a photon- chain, mostly collisions to photon chain occur by which the photon-chain structure gets shorter. By this the two objects, which are bound by the photon-chain are attracted to each other.
* When objects have photon chains , which have same rotation direction and where the photon-chains point to each other, additional photons are bound to the photon chains which causes repulsion of the objects. See also SURe- New Physics Vol. M = Magnetism.
Atomic matter are always some additional electrons or electron pairs bound on the nuclei, which are partly stabilized by photon-chains. By Rubbing these photon chains get broken and the corresponding electrons are released. Some atomic matter has nuclei which are more suitable for bondings of electrons than others. Therfore by rubbing a high extra load of repulsing effects by photon chains occur.
A well known effect is the rising of hair by rubbing.
But there are also attraction effects by rubbing like styropor on hair or attraction effects by rubbing of amber.
The description of magnetic fields is another sample which shows that physics has been converted from science to antiscience. The description by Wikipedia is:
„A magnetic field (sometimes called B-field[1]) is a physical field that describes the magnetic influence on moving electric charges, electric currents,[2]: ch1 [3] and magnetic materials. A moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force perpendicular to its own velocity and to the magnetic field.[2
The first statement is physical reality. A magnetic field is a physical field ….
This means magnetic fields like everything in universe consist of concrete, tangible matter (=particles) with describable structures.
The second statement is severe antiscience (= statements against observations). The reality was known, when I was in school, and which is well observed: Moving particles experience a force which is to the direction of magnetic field lines.
With the current antiscientific knowledge it would not have been possible to construct the first TVs, because it would not be possible to deflect electrons to an exact position on the screen, which has been done by magnetic fields. According to current statement these would circle around.
The reality of magnetic fields are areas where there are magnetic field lines. Magnetic field lines are photon chain structures which bind at least on one side to atomic nuclei. An atom can bind by photon-chains to the photon chains of other atoms which results to molecules.
When crystallized solids consists of molecules, which have nearly all the same spin directions, these have sides, where thousands of photon chains are bound to a real chain outside the object. The photon-chain structures are generated by bindings of omnipresent photons to the atomic body. Such a body is called permanent magnet. The photon chains are called magnetic field lines. Areas with magnetic field lines are called magnetic fields. The major starting and end positions of magnetic field lines on a magnetic body are called magnetic poles. The magnetic field lines can bind to other objects, which are magnetic or which can be adjusted to magnets. The potential to be adjusted to magnets is called diamagnetism.
Magnetic field lines can simply made visible by eyes by distributions of iron files over a magnet which lies on a sheet of white paper. Another well known possibility is by a compass needle.
In both cases the small iron bodies are bound between two sides of the photon chains (=magnetic field lines).
Acceleration is done by a so called binding & decay reaction to an electric field line. The mechanism for this is:
- A particle collides to an electric field line.
- The particle is shortly bonded to the field line.
- The strengths and directions of bondings are adjusted more or less to the average values over all bondings.
- The bonded particle is emitted again to the adjusted direction and with the adjusted accelerated (or decelerated!) velocity.
Major specific interactions are binding&decay reactions of a group of electrons:
By binding of two electrons an electron-pair is generated, and then
The Acceleration results mostly to a deflection to the opposite sites of the magnetic lines. The site of a photon chain, to which an electron is deflected, is determined by the two possible rotation states of the electron: spin up and spin down. spin up and spin dawn.
As the bound electrons of all particles can either have all electrons with spin up or all electrons with spin down, all particles can be deflected by magnetic fields to two opposite sites. This has been demonstrated by photons by spectroscopic measurements and has been called Zeeman effect.
Another famous well experiment was done by Stern and Gerlach (Stern-Gerlach- Experiment), who deflected silver atoms Stern and Gerlach by a strong in-homogeneous magnetic field. Stern and Gerlach clearly did a wrong interpretation of their results. They stated that they have detected two deflections to the same direction by different energetic states of spin (= spin quantization). The obvious reality is that they just got non-symmetric deflections to opposite direction because of using a non-homogeneous magnetic field.
Electromagnetic fields are called electromagnetic fields because these are generated by reactions of moving electrons with omipresent photons. Photons and electromagnetic fields have nothing to do with the physically impossible science-fiction of “electromagnetic waves”.
The differences of electromagnetic compared to magnetic fields are:
* Electromagnetic fields have no magnetic poles.
* This means they do not start or end at positions of atomic matter, but build circles.
* They have plane area structures of bound photons instead of chain-structures.
* They have a limited lifetime of milliseconds.
* Within an electric coil the structures have bondings, which vibrate in direction of the length of a coil and thus interact like a dipole magnet.
Comment: Typical for current physics is that there is no physical research concerning the
very obvious differences to magnetic fields. So there is for example no data of life times of electromagnetic fields, and that the assumed magnetic rings rings around an electric wire at there
are no data magnetic field lines in form of rings around an electric wire are in reality pipe areas.
Because of the missing basic knowledge physicist have not found out till now, how moving electrons in a wire generate electromagnetic fields.
This is done by one of the most important reactions for technical applications of electricity:
Until 16th Jan. 2025 I stated that the generation is based on following possible reactions:
When an electron moves in a metallic wire there is a high chance that it collides to a photon (4 electrons) and bind to a pion (5 electrons).
A pion is instable and decays to a muon (3 electrons) and an electron-pair = neutrino (2 electrons). This is well observed by physicists.
Both particles leave the conductor wire because of their additional kinetic energy, which is transferred from vibration energy of bonding. The muon collides to other muons and bind to specific photon structures. Instead of chain structures of hexagons of photons, which are generated on magnetic poles, muons bind to cylindrical area structures of photons, which are also based on bound hexagons. These surround the wire in multiple cylinders without magnetic poles.
Typical for these structures is that these still have a drift away from the wire and therefore many bondings are broken by this movement until they completely decay to photons. This explains why electromagnetic force fields disappear shortly after stopping the movements of electrons in the wire.
Also the cylindrical pipe structures can be made visible by iron files, which are spread over a sheet which is perpendicular to the conduction line.
There are some observations, which has not been explained till today and needs further research: the generated electron must have kinetic energies which have to be proportional to the energies of the reacting electrons. Exclusively by this requirement the generated electron-pairs can do a functioning data transfer. It is already physical reality that electrons do the data transfer over electric wires and electron-pairs do the data transfer over space. This is not possible by any other particle. This explains that the kinetic energies of electrons have to be proportional to the kinetic energies of electron-pairs.
Thus it is not possible that the moving electrons collide to any of the omnipresent photons, because these do different movements and thus result to pions with different energies.
A possible solution is that an actvation energy is need with is in very tight energetic range.
The limited life time is caused by the emissions of muons, so that these move away from the electric conductor when these do bindings to the photon structure.
This results to expansion or contraction of pipe structures and thus breaking of bondings.
After a specific distance all magnetic areas have been broken to photons,
This explains that the generation of electromagnetic fields is always accompanied by generation of heat.
It can be assumed that the all generated pipe structures are more or loss broken.
In order to get a dipol-like electromagnetic field, an electric conduction line is formed to a coil. Corresponding electromagnets are called solenoids. Within the coil force fields are generated which can be used like as a magnetic dipole field, where the poles are at the ends of the coil.
The description in Wikipedea is correct:
„A solenoid (/ˈsoʊlənɔɪd/[1]) is a type of electromagnet formed by a helical coil of wire whose length is substantially greater than its diameter,[2] which generates a controlled magnetic field. The coil can produce a uniform magnetic field in a volume of space when an electric current is passed through it.“
Essential for a solenoid is the requirement that the length of closely aligned loops is significantly greater than their diameter. Currently this is often not the case like for the Helmholtz coil and the magnets used for high energetic ring collider. By these coils pipe-like magnetic fields are generated, by which completely different magnets and magnetic fields are generated.
The wrong Lorentz theory refers to the statement that charged particles are deflected perpendicular to magnetic fields.
This statement is caused by a severe error of thinking. Physicists observed deflections by electromagnets, which they thought were usual bipole - magnets, but in reality were magnets which did not fulfill above requirements for solenoids (electromagnetic dipole- magnets). The term Helmholtz magnets can be used for all electromagnets which cannot be used a dipole magnet.
The non-polar electromagnetic fields are generated when the diameter of the coil is increased and the number of loops is low. Like described earlier, pipe-like magnetic area generated which surround the conductor lines. t The pipe-like areas are generated by the emitted muons. In addition the magnetic field has a more regular pipe-like structures with different diameters of the structures. When there are two of these coils in a specific distance such coils are called Helmholtz coils. In these electrons are deflected within the inner surface along the Hwhich is the basis for the experiment where electrons exert cyclic deflections along the areas of the pipelike structures. Currently this is incorrectly explained by deflections perpendicular to magnetic field lines, which is physically impossible.
Magnetic fields deflect particles always to the direction of vibrations, which is equivalent to direction of bondings. so to direction of bondings. Concerning magnetic fields this is the direction to the magnetic poles. A desastrous error is that physicists have changed real rule of deflection to the absurd statement, that magnets deflect particles perpendicular to the magnetic force lines.
Even at Cern the former knowledge and reality of magnets was replaced by antiscience of Lorentz force. Antiscience is to believe in statements although it is known that the statements are clearly disproved by unbiased observations.
So on the CERN- homepage such antiscience is clearly shown with the corresponding physically impossible statement. It shows a permanent dipole-magnet with wrong magnetic force line and with the wrong deflection direction:
It seems that scientists at CERN have never measured the magnetic field lines of a permanent magnet and are not familiar with the experiments of dipole magnets.
This shows that physicists can claim anything they want and then the real school stuff is changed to physically impossible antiscience.
The antiscience is particular a disaster, because it has cost and further costs an incredible high amount of money.
Instead a using low expensive usual dipole magnets for the deflection of accellerated particles to the circular movement through the ring, extremely oversized Helmholtz magnets have been constructed. When the installed 1232 magnets would be dipole magnets as claimed, these would deflect the particles upward and downward and not to the left and to the right as intended. Thus physicists had great luck that they constructed Helmholtz electromagnets which deflect the particles along a pipelike magnetic field alog the conduction line.
Extreme unscientific but understandable is that they did not report there error although physicist clearly detected that something was wrong:
The magnets deflected all used particles to the same direction independent from direction of movement, independent from charge, independent of using antiparticles or particles and independent from velocity of accelerated particles and independent from power of magnets.
In current physics it is prevented that researcher publish new real findings. All real findings are not conform to current physics and everything which is not conform to current physics is not accepted for publishing in scientific new real physical findings are Unfortunately it is quasi impossible, that researcher publish new real findings.
All findings of reality are not conform to current physics and thus are not accepted to be published. Thus there has been no chance of current physics to gain knowledge of the reality of our universe.
It is very understandable that physicist don’t publish observations which they can’t explain like the findings that all particles are deflected to the same direction. The same is the case for following observations, which can be well explained by Fundamental Laws of Nature.
* No particle-particle collisions occur in high energetic collider facilities.
* All collisions refer to collisions to magnetic fields (= bound photons), which decay to photons and decay products of photons (myons, electron-pairs and electrons).
* Decay products of protons are in addition neutrons, , kaons and pions.
* Decays of protons occur by much lower collision energy.
* By very low collision energies protons bind to diphotons, which are also called alpha-particles.
* Besides the mentioned subatomic particle there are no relevant other subatomic particles.
And so on.
As mentioned earlier there is following scientific mechanism:
1) A particle with a sufficiently strong bonding position collides to a magnetic field line.
2a) By very high kinetic energy a penetration occurs.
2b) The particle is bonded to one side of the photon chain, which suiits to the spin direction of the particle.
3a) The particle experience a small deflection to the direction parallel to the magnetic field lines.
3b) The new generated bonding is averaged with all the neighbored bondings as well concerning bonding direction and bonding strength.
4a) After leaving the superposition by penetration the particle has the same kinetic energy as before but a small deviation of direction of propagation.
4b) Mostly the binding strength of the photon chains are so strong that the bonding strength of the bonding to the particle is increased to a value above maximum and the bonding breaks.
5b) The bound particle is emitted with a higher kinetic energy and a strong deflection to the direction of magnetic field lines.
In “Wikipedia” voltage has following physically impossible definition:
“Voltage, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points.[1][2]
In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to move a positive test charge from the first point to the second point.”
This definition is no definition. A definition starts with: Definition of voltage is …like it is the case for the definition for the unit volt in Wikipedia.
Above statement uses terms, which are physically impossible and have never been observed. Overall this shows that electricity, electricity potential, and movement has not been understood in current physics.
A specific question is, why Volt refers to a static electric fields? Often Volt is also used for alternating currents.
Concerning work there is following severe error:
The current definition of work = force multiplied by distance is physically and mathematically impossible, because movements need no work and force multiplied by distance is an undefinable expression, because the distance per force unit changes by time.
Electric voltage is the density difference of unbound electrons between two positions of an electric conductor.
Density difference of electrons nearly correlates to the pressure difference of electrons. For pressure difference the kinetic energies of electrons has to be taken into account. It can be assumed that this is nearly proportional to the density of electrons.
Voltage determines the strength of an electric current in an open circuit of an electric conductor line.
This is a question, which took a long time for me to answer.
An increased density of electrons seems not to correlate to an increased energy.
It is also well known by that voltage of alternating current can be transformed to very high values of voltage without any indication that energy is consumed.
Overall this indicates that voltage does not refer to energy.
If voltages refers to an energy it has to be checked if by transformation from low voltage to high voltage energy is generated. Therefore the process of transforming has to be described and explained.
Short description of a transformer is:
* An electric current in a conductor coil generates an electromagnetic field in the coil.
* The electromagnetic field is transferred to an iron body which is positioned in the coil .
*The iron body is formed to a loop which goes through the coil of a second solenoid.
*As atomic matter contain nearly same density of omnipresent photons as in space without atomic matter, magnetic field lines are generated in the iron body which follow the loop of the iron body.
* It is known that magnetic lines can adjust the spin direction in iron to the same direction. This means the iron body becomes an additional magnet and amplifies the magnetic strength of the first solenoid.
* By this in the iron core of the second coil is the same magnetic strength than in the iron core of the first coil.
* Remark: it is very unscientific to invent the term magnetic flux for magnetic strength, because usually there occurs not any linear movements in a magnetic field. A magnetic field is just an object of bound particles.
* By DC the number of magnetic field lines in the iron loop is constant and therefore nothing occurs in the second coil.
* When there is an AC (alternating current) in the first coil there occur a permanent build up and reduction of magnetic lines, which has the same effect as a movement of a magnetic field, which means collisions of magnetic field lines to electrons occur, which cause a movement of electrons in a specific direction in the second coil.
* Remark: This is the real explanation, why DC cannot be transformed.
* The generated electric current in the second coil by collisions of generated magnetic field lines is proportional to the number of loops of the second coil.
* Thus the electric current in the conductor line of the second coil is proportional to the ratio of the number of loops of the two electromagnetic coils.
It is complicated to do an assessment for energies and compare the strength of different energies although there is only one usually usable energy which is the kinetic energy. Exclusively kinetic energy has an impact between objects by collisions.
Although kinetic energies of particles can often accurately be measured there are following errors and problems for the evaluation for use.
* The blatant error that the formula for kinetic energy is ½ mv².
Comment: the anti-science that kinetic energy is proportional to v² is caused by one of the first experiments. The error occurred because of the thinking That the end velocities of free-fall bodies are proportionl tv which was wrongly interpreted. It is anti-science because the formula is not corrected although all later experiment verified that kinetic energy is proportional to v.
* It is not known that the generation of bondings consumes kinetic energy, as by binding kinetic is transferred to vibration energy of bondings.
* The origin of mass has not been understood.
* The relativity of velocity is often ignored.
* The vector of velocity is often ignored.
* For small particles like photons and electrons the real kinetic velocity is different to the propagation velocity.
* Particles with high very high velocities do not have kinetic energy and thus no impacts, because these penetrate other particles.
* The kinetic energies of many particles can’t be used in technical applications.
* The best usable kinetic energies for technologies have very low kinetic energies:
- low-energetic infrared-photons (heat).
- electrons (electrical applications), comment; their kinetic energies have been not measured yet.
In current physics there is an incorrect definition of potential energy.
The scientific definition is that potential energy is a potential kinetic energy and thus a potentially usable energy.
In principle all vibration energies of bondings are potential kinetic energies, as by breaking of a bonding the vibration energy of the bonding is transferred to kinetic energy.
But there are essential differences for potential energies. For some potential energies like voltage the access is very simple by just inserting the electrical plug into the socket. By other potential energies very high activation energies are requiredt is nearly impossible.
For cases in which the access is very simple the potential energy can be regarded as available usable energy.
The supplied voltage is potential energy, which is supplied by power plant and is simple usable by plug in an electric cable into a corresponding socket. Voltage can also be described as the pressure of electrons.
The used voltage for an electric consumer is reduced by resistant elements in a specific electrical circuit. The used voltage is proportional to the electrical current per time in an electric circuit with electric consumers.
This is the definition according to Wikipedia:
An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a surface.[1]: 2 [2]: 622 The moving particles are called charge carriers, which may be one of several types of particles, depending on the conductor. In electric circuits the charge carriers are often electrons moving through a wire. In semiconductors they can be electrons or holes. In an electrolyte the charge carriers are ions, while in plasma, an ionized gas, they are ions and electrons.[3]
The basic errors are:
* The most important issue is missing: electric current is a quantity, which is used for calculations. Therefore it has to be defined as a quantity which is:
Electric current refers to the number of moving electrons per second to the same direction through an electric conductor line.
* Movements through space is completely different and cannot be regarded as electric current.
* The movements of other particles than electrons and electron-pairs (=neutrinos) through electric conductors are physically impossible.
* Particles besides electrons and electron-pairs have nothing in common with electricity. These refer to usual „particle mechanics“.
* The term „charge carriers“ is scientific nonsense: Charges do not exist and particles can’t carry anything.
* „Moving hole“ is surely one of the most unscientific expressions.
Electric current refers to the movement of electrons through electric conductor line.
The quantity of electric current is the number of electrons per time unit that flows through a used electric circuit. It is proportional to the specific voltage of the circuit.
By this the electric current is the realized energy of the potential electrical energy (=voltage).
As the absolute quantity has not been measured a relative quantity is currently used which is proportional to the voltage and the reciprocal resistance.
Electrons are unique particles, which do very specific energetic interactions, which cannot be dome by other particles. Only electron refer to electricity, other particles do usual chemical reactions and refer to chemistry.
Per definition ions do not exist because charges do not exist. It is even extremely unlikely that the particles which now are called ions do exist as single particles as stated. Particles are exclusively stable as unbound single particles, when their structures have no binding positions. This is for example the case for noble gases, these have no photon chains and thus cannot bind to other atoms. For noble metals the structures have still to be found out, so it is not sure why these have little intention for bindings.
Generally particles do as many bindings as possible, because this is a requirement by first Fundamental Law of Nature. Therefore most reactions are exchange reaction of bondings. In water solutions the bondings of metal atoms are mostly replaced by bondings to the OH group. The “salt”-bondings to metals are mostly replaced by an H-atom. A driving force for the exchange reaction is that the probability for these bondings is higher.
It is nearly impossible to isolate the so called “ions”.
Even by decay reactions of molecules at very high temperatures or collision energies, mostly atoms or radicals are generated instead of ions.
Electrolysis is a result of reactions of electrons. Following is the reaction mechanism for electrolysis of water:
1. Reactions on cathode:
* Electrons enter the water solution.
* Electrons bind to the water molecules and bind between photon chain and oxygen.
* Both particles split by break of bondings between oxygen and proton und thus generate a water atom and an OH molecule.
* Two hydrogen atoms bind to a hydrogen molecule.
2. Reactions on anode:
* An OH molecule collides to the metal of the anode.
* By this the photon chain between O and H breaks.
* Electrons at the broken positions are emitted and taken over by the anode.
* Two O – atoms are generated.
* The two O-Atoms bind to a O2-molecule.
The reality of charged particles are particles with a free bonding position, which are adequate to bind to magnetic fields.
It is very unscientific, that in current physics there are two definitions for kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is an essential property in physics, thus there has to be a clear and unique definition:
The kinetic energy of an object is the potential for strength of an impact to another body. Thus it is a relative property and a vector.
Because of the fact that in the first experiment to determine correlations to the impact of kinetic energy, there occurred the error, that end velocity of free fall objects is proportional to the altitude of falling object. This error resulted to the proportionality of kinetic energies to the square of velocity. But the much more disastrous action was that the formula for kinetic energy was exclusively corrected for the use by physical scientists by inventing the new term momentum for kinetic energy, but the wrong formula is till today told to the general public, although all further experiments proved the error.
Overall all experiments after the erroneous experiment showed the correlation that the impacts of a moving body are proportional to the mass and the velocity of the body, which results to the correct formula that Ekin = m*v.
The still used absurd formula Ekin = ½ mv² shows the disastrous situation of current physics.
It is unscientific to talk about movements of electrons and describe nearly nothing about the kinetic energies of electrons.
Some physicists tried to describe or even calculate kinetic energies of electrons, but this mostly ended up by physically impossible science-fiction like the statement that electrons have wavelike characteristics and have a frequency which refers to kinetic energy.
Overall as the mass of an electron is known in current physics there are no problems to measure the velocity of moving electrons and calculate the kinetic energy.
Perfect for this task are research facilities of particle accelerators and colliders. But these refused to do these measurements. Instead a new virtual unit was defined for energy, which was based on voltage. Thus the energies were just defined and neither measured nor calculated.
For electric resistance the description in Wikipedia is correct:
“The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the flow of electric current. Its reciprocal quantity is electrical conductance, measuring the ease with which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S)”
But again the following explanations are missing, why and how electrical resistance is caused and why it is nearly equivalent to friction:
Both properties refer to collision to atomic nuclei, by which the bonding between nuclei and photon-chains are affected. This means weakly bound photon-chains can break off, by which these can decay to photons. This is the explanation for generation of heat (=emissions of infrared-photons). In addition electrons can get lost by bindings or reduce their movement by conduction material which has a low conductivity because of stronger bindings to electrons. By this the required time for binding & decay reactions of electrons. Takes longer.
The reality of electric energy is equivalent to the electric current.
The errors have already been mentioned. The input of Wikipedia is:
Electrical energy is energy related to forces on electrically charged particles and the movement of those particles (often electrons in wires, but not always). This energy is supplied by the combination of current and electric potential (often referred to as voltage because electric potential is measured in volts) that is delivered by a circuit (e.g., provided by an electric power utility). Motion (current) is not required; for example, if there is a voltage difference in combination with charged particles, such as static electricity or a charged capacitor, the moving electrical energy is typically converted to another form of energy (e.g., thermal, motion, sound, light, radio waves, etc.).
Electrical energy is usually sold by the kilowatt hour (1 kW·h = 3.6 MJ) which is the product of the power in kilowatts multiplied by running time in hours. Electric utilities measure energy using an electricity meter, which keeps a running total of the electric energy delivered to a customer.
The reality of electric power is the electric energy consumed in a specific time period.
Wrong is current statement that the electric power is voltage multiplied with electric current summed over a specific time period.
Input of Wikipedia will be commented later.
“Electric power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy within a circuit. Its SI unit is the watt, the general unit of power, defined as one joule per second. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units: thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts, megawatts and gigawatts respectively.
In common parlance, electric power is the production and delivery of electrical energy, an essential public utility in much of the world. Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries. It is usually supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by the electric power industry through an electrical grid.
Electric power can be delivered over long distances by transmission lines and used for applications such as motion, light or heat with high efficiency.[1]“
In current physics there are mostly just observations of interactions and basic descriptions like:
* Moving electrons cause forces like magnets.
* Moving electrons cause radiation for data transfer.
* Magnets can cause movements of magnetic bodies.
* Moving magnets can cause electric current.
Physicist do not even try to find an explanation for these or other observations. They simply invent terms for the observation like electric induction or magnetic Force. This shows that technologies can be constructed without understanding the technologies. This is the fact for all technologies. Valid and thus real explanations can exclusively be done by the Two Fundamental Laws of Nature.
In order to gain knowledge of a physical phenomenon like electricity you first have to do an unbiased description of an unexplained observation:
The basic observation for electricity is following:
When electrons move through a metallic wire, following occurs:
* An area around the wire is created, which can exert forces on moving particles. The areas are called magnetic field.
* The magnetic field disappear as soon as the movement of electrons stops.
* Heat is generated as well in the wire as mostly also around the magnetic field.
* In many cases radiation is generated with following characteristics:
- It can take over data / information from the moving electrons
- it radiates over long distances in all directions. In short distances the data are strongly deteriorated.
- It penetrates nearly all matter except atoms with relative high atomic weights.
- It transfers the data back to electrons in electric wires.
After you have described all major observations without thinking (interpretations) you can start thinking to find conclusions.
In this case the conclusions are:
* Electrons react in a metallic wire by moving (= by collisions) in the metallic wire to particles, which penetrate the wire and
- bind in the area around the wire magnetic fields.
- the magnetic fields are different to usual magnetic fields as these are not stable and decay after short time.
- in addition particles are generated, which radiate. These particles penetrate through nearly all matter except of heavy atoms like iron.
- the particles have the typical characteristics of radio radiation, which refer to neutrinos, called electron-pairs by New Physics.
Motors work by alternating attractions of magnetic bodies by electromagnetic coils. As already mentioned these magnets can be regarded as dipole-magnets. By dipole-magnets the attractive forces are exerted parallel to magnetic field lines to the specific dipoles, which formerly was well accepted. But currently this has been changed to an attraction perpendicular to magnetic field lines according to the physical impossible theory of Lorentz force. So currently physicists would not be able to build electric motors by the usual dipole electromagnets and the constructed motors are explained opposite to observations.
Another possibility is that physicists don’t use dipole magnets anymore.
In current physics the generation of electric currents is not explained. The scientific explanation by Fundamental Laws of Nature is following:
When an electron collides to a magnetic field line it is mostly accelerated by the binding & decay mechanism.
The same happens when a magnetic field collides to an electron. Thus by a moving magnetic field electrons, which move in all kind of directions or are slightly bound, are all accelerated by the magnetic field to the same direction.
This is the principle for generation of electric currents. The technical device is called electric generator.
Following experiments have been done:
There are two discs, which can be rotated:
1) An aluminum disc, where electric tension is measured between center and near the edge.
2) A magnetic disc with magnetic field lines, which go to the aluminum disc.
Exp. a) When only 1) rotates there is an electric tension.
Exp. b) When only 2) rotates there is no electric tension.
Exp. c) When both rotate there is an electric tension.
Explanation: An electric tension can exclusively be generated, in exp. a) and c), as in these cases near the edge there are sporadic field lines near which collide to the electrons in the disc, whereas no collisions occur in the center and when both discs rotate by same speed.
This clearly verifies the fundamental laws of nature, particularly that a magnetic field line is a physical object with a concrete structure, concrete relative kinetic energy and concrete relative position. This is valid for everything in universe.
All current explanations which are not described by objects are no physical reality, but physically impossible.
All batteries work by the same simple principle:
Batteries have the potential to generate electrons by decay reactions which move or can move to the high load pole (minus pole) of a battery and these can bind electrons which move or can move over a circuit to the low load pole (plus pole) of the battery.
A galvanic cell works by binding of electrons to metallic copper and decay of electrons of metallic zinc.
Explanation: Every atom has the potential for relative stable bindings to 3 electrons between its nucleus and each photon-chains, because at these positions each electron can do 2-3 bindings. At all other positions of an atom only one binding of an electron is possible, which is very unstable.
Thus metals, which have a higher number of bound photon chains have a higher potential to bind electrons in addition to the higher potential to do mutual metal bondings.
By first Fundamental Law of Nature matter always intends to achieve highest number of bondings in order to reduce spin-energies.
Copper has more photon-chains than zinc. Therefore copper does mutual bindings and bind in addition electrons, which decay from zinc nucleus, when zinc is dissolved in a solution.
The detailed structures of all atoms is an issue of further research. But this is just a matter of “work time” like a puzzle. The positive is that there is always a unique solution, which is automatically reality.
Some batteries are rechargeable, which simply means that electrons are supplied so that these bind again to the same compound which was available in new batteries. Thus a reverse reaction has to be possible.
All Rights: Dr. O. Vogel , J. Vogel , A. Vogel ; Unabhängige Forschungsgemeinschaft UFG/ Germany
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